Basic Cost Management Concepts.docx

Basic Cost Management Concepts The cost management information system is primarily concerned with producing outputs for internal users using inputs and processes needed to satisfy management objectives. True False ANSWER: True The Financial accounting information system provides information for three broad objectives: costing services and products, planning and control, and decision making. True False ANSWER: False The value chain is the set of activities required to design, develop, produce, market, deliver and provide post-sales service for the products and services sold to customers. True False ANSWER: True Cost management information benefits production, marketing, and customer service systems as well as being a crucial part of managerial decision making. True False ANSWER: True An integrated cost management system receives information from and provides information to only the controller of a company. True False ANSWER: False Cost assignment is one of the key processes of the cost accounting system. True False ANSWER: True Cost is the cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring a current or future loss to the company. True False ANSWER: False The three methods of cost assignment are direct tracing, driver tracing, and allocation. True False ANSWER: True Assigning costs accurately to cost objects is of low priority. Accuracy is not evaluated based on knowledge of some underlying “true cost”. True False ANSWER: False The most precise of the three methods of cost assignment is direct tracing since it relies on observable causal relationships. True False ANSWER: True Services differ from tangible products on three dimension: intangibility, perishability, and inseparability. True False ANSWER: True Intangible products are goods produced by converting raw material into finished products through the use of labor and capital inputs. True False ANSWER: False Production costs are costs associated with manufacturing goods or providing services and are classified as direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. True False ANSWER: True Conversion cost is the sum of direct materials and direct labor cost and prime cost is the sum of direct labor and overhead cost. True False ANSWER: False Product costs include production, marketing, and customer service, and are used for strategic design decisions and tactical profitability analysis. True False ANSWER: True The income statement prepared for external parties is frequently referred to as absorption-costing income, or full costing income. True False ANSWER: True The cost of goods sold is the cost of direct materials, direct labor and overhead attached to the units sold. True False ANSWER: True The cost of goods manufactured represents the total manufacturing cost of goods completed during the current period. True False ANSWER: True Work in process consists of all partially completed units found in production at a given point in time. True False ANSWER: True Gross margin, also called gross profit, is the difference between sales and costs of goods sold. True False ANSWER: True Cost management systems can be broadly classified as traditional or activity based. True False ANSWER: True A traditional cost accounting system assumes that all costs can be classified as fixed with respect to changes in the units or volume produced. True False ANSWER: False The overall objective of an activity-based cost management system is to manage activities to reduce costs and improve customer value. True False ANSWER: True The cost accounting system that emphasizes tracing over allocation is called an activity-based accounting system. True False ANSWER: True Error costs are costs associated with measurements required by the cost management system and measurement costs are the costs associated with making poor decisions. True False ANSWER: False A subsystem of the accounting information system designed to satisfy costing, controlling and decision making objectives is called the system. ANSWER: cost management The cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers relative to their control of activities is the information system. ANSWER: operational control The overall objective of accounting information is to provide information to . ANSWER: users The resources given up that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization are called __________ . ANSWER: costs Expired costs used up in the generation of revenues are called . ANSWER: expenses The least accurate but easiest to apply method of cost assignment is the method. ANSWER: allocation means the consumer cannot see, hear, feel, or taste a service before it is bought. ANSWER: Intangibility are generally materials necessary for production that do not become part of the finished product or are not used to provide a service. ANSWER: Supplies Costs necessary to market and distribute a product or service are often referred to as order- __________ and order- __________ costs. ANSWER: getting; filling In preparing an income statement, and costs are separated. ANSWER: production; nonproduction Gross margin is the difference between and the cost of goods or services sold. ANSWER: sales revenues income is the difference between gross margin and selling and administrative expenses. ANSWER: Operating Cost management systems are made up of two subsystems: the accounting system and the control system. ANSWER: cost; operational Generally, more managerial objectives can be met with an activity-based system than with a system. ANSWER: traditional In deciding whether to implement a(n) cost management system, managers must evaluate the trade- off between costs of measurement and cost of errors. ANSWER: activity-based The set of interrelated parts that performs one or more processes to accomplish specific objectives is called a(n): cost objective system activity cost driver ANSWER: b The overall objective of accounting information systems is to provide information to users. manage the organization. prepare financial reports. report to the government. ANSWER: a In an accounting information system, which of the following is NOT a transformation process? collecting data performance reports analyzing data summarizing data ANSWER: b Which of the following is a cost management subsystem designed to assign costs to individual products and services and other objects, as specified by management? financial accounting information system operational control information system cost accounting information system all of the above ANSWER: c In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would be considered an input? delivered muffins flour baking none of these ANSWER: b In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would NOT be considered an input? delivered muffins flour egg oil ANSWER: a In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would NOT be considered a transforming process? delivered muffins baking packaging mixing ANSWER: a In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, which of the following would be considered a transforming process? delivered muffins baking egg oil ANSWER: b In a company that supplies muffins to bakeries, delivered muffins to bakeries would be a(n) interrelated part. input. output. process. ANSWER: c In an accounting information system, the inputs are usually financial statements. analyzing data. economic events. performance reports. ANSWER: c Which of the following is a cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers and others relative to their planning and control of activities? financial accounting information system operational control information system cost accounting information system all of the above ANSWER: b The accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external users is called: cost management information system computer system internal accounting system financial accounting information system ANSWER: d High quality cost management systems should have an organization-wide perspective. Which of the following would NOT be a benefit of a cost management system? increases speed by ignoring non-financial information reduces duplicate data storage and use of data improves timeliness of reports increases the efficiency of generating reliable and accurate information ANSWER: a Which of the following is a major subsystem of the cost accounting information system? ERP Operational control information system OLAP EDI ANSWER: b A computerized information system that strives to input data once and to make it available to people across the company for different purposes is called a: cost management information system enterprise resource planning system internal accounting system financial accounting information system ANSWER: b A cost management subsystem designed to provide accurate and timely feedback concerning the performance of managers and others relative to their planning and control activities is called the: cost accounting information system financial accounting system operational control information system tax reporting system ANSWER: c Which of the following is NOT one of the features of an operational control information system? to assist in continuous improvement of all aspects of the business to improve the value received by customers to provide product cost information needed by management to improve profits by improving value ANSWER: c Which of the following is NOT an objective of the operational control system? increasing value to customers increasing profit by providing value Increasing post purchase costs all of the above ANSWER: c The resources given up that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization are represented by: Costs Expired costs Expenses Losses ANSWER: a The cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization is/are called: Expenses Cost An activity A loss ANSWER: b A cost used up in the production of revenues is a(n) unexpired cost. loss. expense. asset. ANSWER: c Which of the following is an example of a loss? the cost of a product delivered to a customer the cost of a delivered advertising campaign the cost of the purchase of equipment the write-off of an obsolete product ANSWER: d Which of the following is an example of an expense? the cost of a proposed advertising campaign the cost of a product delivered to a customer the cost of the purchase of equipment the write-off of an obsolete product ANSWER: b Which of the following is an example of a possible cost object? a product a customer a department all of the above ANSWER: d Traceability is a function of an indirect relationship to the cost object. distortion. a causal relationship. none of these. ANSWER: c Factors that cause changes in resource usage, activity usage, costs and revenues are called indirect costs. drivers. assignments. cost objects. ANSWER: b The most likely method to assign the cost of an assembly-line supervisor when the assembly line is the cost object is the: driver tracing method arbitration method allocation method direct tracing method ANSWER: d Which cost assignment method would likely assign the cost of heating in a plant that makes beds and dressers when the bed product line is the cost object? driver tracing direct tracing allocation arbitration ANSWER: c Which cost assignment method would likely assign the cost of maintenance for machines in a department that does cutting when the cutting activity is the cost object? driver tracing direct tracing allocation arbitration ANSWER: a Which of the following expenses incurred by a department store is a direct cost for the women's shoe department? the salespersons' commissions in the women's shoe department the salaries for individuals working in the accounting department the advertising expense for the service department the allocated rent expense for the clothing department ANSWER: a Which of the following costs incurred by a chair manufacturer would be traced to the product cost through direct tracing? the depreciation on factory equipment the supervisor's salary the insurance on the factory building the woodworker's salary ANSWER: d Direct costs are incurred for the benefit of the business as a whole. would continue even if a particular product were discontinued. are those costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object. can be assigned to products only by a process of allocation. ANSWER: c The direct costs of operating a college computer center would NOT include rent paid for computers. a fair share of college utilities. paper used by the center. computer consultants' salaries. ANSWER: b Which of the following methods of assigning costs is based on convenience or some assumed linkage, and reduces the overall accuracy of the cost assignments? direct tracing driver tracing allocation all of the above ANSWER: c Which of the following costs incurred by a bus manufacturer would NOT be directly attributable to the finished product? the wages paid to assembly-line production workers the tires for buses the windshields for buses the depreciation on factory building ANSWER: d The assignment of indirect costs to cost objects is referred to as: Allocation Direct tracing Physical observation Cost management ANSWER: a What is a disadvantage of assigning costs evenly over all cost objects? not all costs will be assigned total costs will be distorted costs may be distorted by consumption patterns of other cost objects none of these ANSWER: c The insurance paid on the factory is a direct cost if the cost object is the factory. an indirect cost if the cost object is the product produced. could be either a direct cost or an indirect cost, depending on the cost object. all of the above. ANSWER: d Which of the following would NOT be a cost that could be directly traced to a custom piece of furniture based upon physical observation? the wood and upholstery materials that are in the final piece the depreciation paid on factory equipment t he labor of the worker assembling the piece of furniture the labor of the woodworker who finishes the wood of the piece ANSWER: b The precision of driver tracing depends upon physically observable relationships. the strength of causal relationships described by the driver. allocation estimations. both b and c. ANSWER: b If physical observation can NOT be used to identify the exact amount of resources consumed by a cost object, the next best approach is driver tracing. allocation. estimation. none of these. ANSWER: a Services differ from tangible products in which of the following dimensions? intangibility inseparability perishability all of the above ANSWER: d With regards to products, perishability can be defined as buyers of products who cannot see, feel, hear or taste the product before it is bought. services that cannot be stored. buyers and sellers who must be in direct contact for the sale to take place. buyers of the product who do not need direct contact with the manufacturer of the product. ANSWER: b Intangibility of services means that products cannot be seen, tasted, heard or felt before the purchase. products cannot be stored. exchange takes place in direct contact. both a and c. ANSWER: a An example of a tangible product, rather than a service, would be housekeeping. insurance coverage. paper. medical exam. ANSWER: c With regard to services, inseparability means that products cannot be stored. direct contact must take place for an exchange. products have a physical presence. none of the above apply to inseparability. ANSWER: b An example of a service, rather than a tangible product, would be medical exams. cloths. trucks. radios. ANSWER: a Which of the following is a service organization? grocery store CPA firm cattle ranch department store ANSWER: b Which of the following costs would be included in value-chain product costs? research and development production customer service all of the above ANSWER: d Product value-chain costs assist managers in meeting which of the following objectives? product mix decisions tactical profitability analysis external financial reporting strategic design decisions ANSWER: a Value-chain product costs include which of the following? customer service costs marketing costs research and development all of the above ANSWER: d Which of the following costs would NOT be included in operating product costs? production marketing research and development all of the above ANSWER: c Which of the following costs would be included in traditional product costs used for external reporting? research and development production marketing all of the above ANSWER: b Which of the following costs is NOT a product cost? rent on an office building indirect labor repairs on manufacturing equipment steel used in inventory items produced ANSWER: a Which of the following costs is an example of product costs? selling commissions nonfactory office salaries direct materials advertising expense ANSWER: c Which of the following costs incurred by a furniture manufacturer would be a product cost? office salaries lumber commissions paid to sales staff controller's salary ANSWER: b Which of the following costs is a product cost? lease payments on cars used by salespersons president's salary property taxes on factory building depreciation on office equipment ANSWER: c Which of the following costs is a period cost for a manufacturing company? controller's salary wages of machine operators insurance on factory equipment fringe benefits for factory employees ANSWER: a In a traditional manufacturing company, product costs include direct materials only. direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. direct materials and direct labor only. direct labor only. ANSWER: b Which of the following costs is an indirect product cost? president's salary wages of assembly workers materials used property taxes on plant facilities ANSWER: d If the total warehousing cost for the year amounts to $450,000, and 40 percent of the warehousing activity is associated with finished goods and 60 percent with direct materials, how much of the cost would be charged as a product cost? a. $90,000 b. $180,000 c. $270,000 d. $450,000 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $450,000 × 0.60 = $270,000 Which of the following costs would be included as part of direct materials in the production of an automobile? glue for a sticker applied to the automobile steel gasoline used to fuel machines in production none of these ANSWER: b All of Eva Enterprise's operations are housed in one building with the costs of occupying the building accumulated in a separate account. The total costs incurred in July amounted to $48,000. The company allocates these costs on the basis of square feet of floor space occupied. Administrative offices, sales offices, and factory operations occupy 9,000, 6,000, and 30,000 square feet, respectively. How much will be classified as a product cost for July? a. $9,600 b. $6,400 c. $16,000 d. $32,000 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: [30,000/(9,000 + 6,000 + 30,000)] × $48,000 = $32,000 Which of the following costs would be considered a direct material? glue in the production of automobiles labor used to finish product paper used in the production of books depreciation on the corporation's office building ANSWER: c The difference between a supply and an indirect material is that supplies are not necessary for production. indirect materials are not physically part of the product. supplies are not necessary for production and are not physically part of the product. supplies are necessary for production and are not physically part of the product. ANSWER: d Which of the following costs would be included as part of direct labor? a materials handler a cutter in the production of shelving an assembly-line supervisor a janitor ANSWER: b Which of the following costs would be included as part of factory overhead? depreciation of plant equipment direct labor depreciation on the corporation's office building paper used in the production of books ANSWER: a Which of the following items would NOT be classified as part of factory overhead of a firm that makes sailboats? factory supplies used depreciation of factory buildings canvas used in sail indirect materials ANSWER: c Wages paid to a janitor in the factory would be classified as direct labor. direct janitor salaries. supervisor salaries. factory overhead. ANSWER: d All of the following costs are included in factory overhead EXCEPT factory supplies. indirect labor. plant foreman's salary. direct labor. ANSWER: d Selling and administrative costs are classified as product costs. conversion costs. period costs. factory overhead. ANSWER: c Which of the following costs is NOT a period cost? receptionist's salary steel used in steel railings depreciation on sales staffs' cars sales commission ANSWER: b Which of the following costs is a period cost? depreciation of factory equipment transportation-in for material shipments amortization of a patent for the company's product depreciation of office computers ANSWER: d An example of a period cost is president's salary. insurance on factory equipment. property taxes on factory building. wages of factory custodians. ANSWER: a An example of a nonproduction cost is wages paid to assembly-line employees. manufacturing supplies. insurance on manufacturing facilities. the treasurer's salary. ANSWER: d Which of the following costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred? Direct materials costs Product costs Factory overhead costs Nonproduction costs ANSWER: d Order-getting costs would NOT include marketing costs. customer service costs. advertising. salaries of sales personnel. ANSWER: b Period costs do NOT include order-getting costs. order-filling costs. order-making costs. all of the above are period costs. ANSWER: c Prime product costs include only factory overhead. only direct labor. direct labor and factory overhead. direct materials and direct labor. ANSWER: d The sum of direct labor and factory overhead is referred to as period costs. conversion costs. prime costs. direct product costs. ANSWER: b Conversion costs do NOT include direct materials. direct labor. factory overhead. any of these costs. ANSWER: a Which of the following would NOT be included in the conversion cost of an automobile? screws used in assembly assembly worker wages depreciation on machinery steel ANSWER: d Costs that are expensed in the period in which they are incurred are called: Direct materials costs Product costs Noninventoriable costs Inventoriable costs ANSWER: c Figure 2-11 Information from the records of the Abel Corporation for July 2016 was as follows: Sales $1,230,000 Selling and administrative expenses 210,000 Direct materials used 264,000 Direct labor 300,000 Factory overhead * *variable overhead is $205,000, fixed overhead is $200,000 405,000 July 1, 2016 July 31, 2016 Direct materials $36,000 $42,000 Work in process 75,000 84,000 Finished goods 69,000 57,000 Inventories Refer to Figure 2-11. The conversion cost is a. $960,000 b. $1,179,000 c. $705,000 d. $564,000 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: $300,000 + $405,000 = $705,000 Refer to Figure 2-11. The prime costs are a. $210,000 b. $264,000 c. $300,000 d. $564,000 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: $264,000 + $300,000 = $564,000 Refer to Figure 2-11. The variable product costs are a. $969,000 b. $769,000 c. $764,000 d. $1,179,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $264,000 + $300,000 + $205,000 = $769,000 Refer to Figure 2-11. The total product cost is a. $1,179,000 b. $969,000 c. $615,000 d. $764,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $ 264,000 + $300,000 + 405,000 = $969,000 Figure 2-12 Information from the records of the Conundrum Company for September 2016 was as follows: Sales $307,500 Selling and administrative expenses 52,500 Direct materials used 66,000 Direct labor 75,000 Variable factory overhead 50,000 Factory overhead 51,250 Inventories Sept. 1, 2016 Sept 30, 2016 Direct materials $8,000 $10,500 Work in process 18,750 21,000 Finished goods 17,250 14,250 Conundrum Corporation produced 20,000 units. Refer to Figure 2-12. The prime costs per unit for September were a. $7.05 b. $8.8125 c. $14.7375 d. $20.00 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: $66,000 + $75,000 = $141,000/20,000 units = $7.05 per unit Refer to Figure 2-12. What are the conversion costs per unit? a. $7.05 b. $8.8125 c. $12.1125 d. $14.7375 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $75,000 + $50,000 + $51,250 = $176,250/ 20,000 units = $ 8.8125 Refer to Figure 2-12. If production increased to 32,000 units next year, what is the effect on variable product costs per unit and total product costs per unit respectively? remain the same; remain the same remain the same; decrease increase; remain the same decrease; increase ANSWER: b RATIONALE: variable product cost per unit remain the same; total product cost per unit will decrease Refer to Figure 2-12. What are the total variable costs per unit? a. $7.05 b. $9.55 c. $2.175 d. $6.25 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $66,000 + 75,000 + 50,000 = $191,000/ 20,000 units = $9.55 per unit Refer to Figure 2-12. What is the total product cost per unit? a. $14.7375 b. $12.1125 c. $12.175 d. $12.2375 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $66,000 + $75,000 + $50,000 + $51,250 = $242,250/20,000 = $12.1125 Product costs are converted from cost to expense when units are completed. materials are purchased. units are sold. materials are requisitioned. ANSWER: c A company has purchased some steel to use in the production of steel railings. If this steel has NOT been put into production, it would be classified as finished goods inventory. factory supplies. work-in-process inventory. direct materials inventory. ANSWER: d The income statement prepared for external reporting is based on a functional classification. referred to as absorption-costing income. called full-costing income. all of the above. ANSWER: d Which of the following costs would NOT be included in calculating inventory values under the absorption-costing basis? direct materials fixed overhead selling and administrative expenses direct labor ANSWER: c When calculating the absorption-costing income for external reporting, all manufacturing costs ultimately become nonmanufacturing costs. manufacturing costs are product costs and product costs are never expensed. costs of selling manufactured products are classified as product costs. selling and administrative costs are classified as nonmanufacturing costs. ANSWER: d Which of the following accounts would appear on the financial statements of ONLY a manufacturing firm? materials inventory bonds payable prepaid insurance retained earnings ANSWER: a Which type of inventory is normally sold to other organizations? direct materials factory supplies work in process finished goods ANSWER: d The records of Custom Choppers, Inc. for September 2016 shows the following information: Sales $820,000 Selling and administrative expenses 140,000 Direct materials purchases 176,000 Direct labor 200,000 Factory overhead 270,000 Direct materials, September 1 24,000 Work in process, September 1 50,000 Finished goods, September 1 46,000 Direct materials, September 30 28,000 Work in process, September 30 56,000 Finished goods, September 30 38,000 The net income for the month of September is a. $644,000. b. $36,000. c. $636,000. d. $180,000. ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: COGM = ($24,000 + $176,000 - $28,000) + $200,000 + $270,000 +$50,000 - $56,000 = $636,000 COGS = $636,000 + $46,000 - $38,000 = $644,000 NI = $820,000 - $140,000 - $644,000 = $36,000 The merchandise inventory in a merchandising business corresponds most closely to which of the following items in a manufacturing firm? materials inventory cost of goods available for sale cost of goods manufactured finished goods inventory ANSWER: d If beginning work-in-process inventory is $160,000, ending work-in-process inventory is $180,000, cost of goods manufactured is $500,000, and direct materials used are $130,000, what are the conversion costs? a. $210,000 b. $320,000 c. $340,000 d. $390,000 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $500,000 + $180,000 - $160,000 - $130,000 = $390,000 The following information pertains to Steel Wheels, Inc: Cost of goods manufactured $350,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 110,000 Ending work-in-process inventory 80,000 Manufacturing overhead 50,000 What are the prime costs for the year? a. $360,000 b. $480,000 c. $270,000 d. $300,000 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $350,000 + $80,000 - $110,000 - $50,000 = $270,000 Inventory balances for the Beemer Enterprises in April 2016 are as follows: April 1, 2016 April 30, 2016 Raw materials $27,000 $21,000 Work in process 48,000 37,200 Finished goods 108,000 90,000 During April, purchases of direct materials were $36,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $60,000 and $84,000, respectively. Prime costs for April were a. $102,000 b. $96,000 c. $87,000 d. $81,000 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: ($27,000 + $36,000 - $21,000) + $60,000 = $102,000 Inventory balances for Marshall, Inc., in June 2016 are as follows: June 1, 2016 June 30, 2016 Raw materials $1,125 $ 875 Work in process 2,000 1,550 Finished goods 4,500 3,750 During June, purchases of direct materials were $1,500. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $2,500 and $3,500, respectively. Conversion costs for June were a. $8,200. b. $7,750. c. $7,500. d. $6,000. ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $2,500 + $3,500 = $6,000 Figure 2-13 Inventory balances for the Jameson Company in October 2016 are as follows: October 1, 2106 October 31, 2016 Raw materials $27,000 $21,000 Work in process 48,000 37,200 Finished goods 108,000 90,000 During October, purchases of direct materials were $36,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $60,000 and $84,000, respectively. Refer to Figure 2-13. What is the cost of materials used in production? a. $36,000 b. $42,000 c. $47,800 d. $54,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $27,000 +$ 36,000 - $21,000 = $42,000 Refer to Figure 2-13. What are the total manufacturing costs added to production in the period? a. $186,000 b. $180,000 c. $144,000 d. $174,200 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: $ 42,000 + $60,000 + $84,000 = $186,000 Refer to Figure 2-13. What is the cost of goods manufactured? a. $180,000 b. $186,000 c. $194,000 d. $196,800 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: $42,000 + $60,000 + $84,000 + $48,000 - $37,200 = $196,800 The sum of the total additions to work in process during a period is total manufacturing costs added. factory overhead applied. material used. cost of goods manufactured. ANSWER: a The following information for the Sutton Glass Company has been provided: Cost of goods manufactured $100,000 Work in process: Beginning 15,000 Ending 20,000 Direct labor 30,000 Direct materials used ? Factory overhead 45,000 What is the amount of direct materials used? a. $25,000 b. $30,000 c. $35,000 d. $100,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $100,000 + $20,000 - $15,000 - $30,000 - $45,000 = $30,000 The ending work-in-process inventory is deducted on the balance sheet. income statement. statement of cost of goods manufactured. statement of cash flows. ANSWER: c Cost of goods sold equals cost of goods manufactured when finished goods inventories remain constant. when work-in-process inventories remain constant. plus beginning work-in-process inventory minus ending work-in-process inventory. when materials inventories remain constant. ANSWER: a Inventory balances for Spiritlight Ventures for November 2016 are as follows: November 1, 2016 November 30, 2016 Materials $ 9,000 $ 7,000 Work in process 16,000 12,400 Finished goods 36,000 30,000 During November, purchases of direct materials were $18,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $20,000 and $28,000, respectively. The cost of goods manufactured in November was a. $68,000. b. $77,600. c. $74,000. d. $71,600. ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $9,000 + $18,000 - $7,000 + $20,000 + $28,000 + $16,000 - $12,400 =$71,600 Selected data concerning the past year's operations of the Motor City Corporation are as follows: Selling and administrative expenses $225,000 Direct materials used 467,500 Direct labor (50,000 hours) 450,000 Factory overhead application rate 8 per DLH Inventories Beginning Ending Direct material $75,000 $67,500 Work in process 112,500 135,000 Finished goods 60,000 37,500 The cost of direct materials purchased is a. $467,500. b. $460,000. c. $437,500. d. $445,000. ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $467,500 + $67,500 - $75,000 = $460,000 Figure 2-14 The following is the data for Lauren Enterprises: Selling and administrative expenses $75,000 Direct materials used 265,000 Direct labor (25,000 hours) 300,000 Factory overhead application rate $16 per DLH Beginning Ending Direct materials $50,000 $45,000 Work in process 75,000 90,000 Finished goods 40,000 25,000 Inventories Refer to Figure 2-14. What is the cost of goods manufactured? a. $1,115,000 b. $965,000 c. $955,000 d. $950,000 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $265,000 + $300,000 + $400,000($16 × 25,000) + $75,000 ­ $90,000 =$950,000 Refer to Figure 2-14. What is the cost of goods sold? a. $565,000 b. $950,000 c. $965,000 d. $980,000 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: $265,000 + $ 300,000 + $400,000 + $75,000 - $90,000 + $40,000 - $25,000 = $965,000 The cost of units completed during a period is called cost of goods sold. cost of goods manufactured. current manufacturing costs. finished goods inventory. ANSWER: b The records for the previous year for Sarasota Boat Builders, Inc., shows the following data:: Selling and administrative expenses $300,000 Direct materials used 530,000 Direct labor (100,000 hours) 600,000 Factory overhead application rate $5 per DLH Inventories Beginning Ending Work in process $150,000 $160,000 Finished goods 80,000 50,000 The cost of goods sold is a. $1,630,000. b. $1,880,000. c. $1,600,000. d. $1,650,000. ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $530,000 + $600,000 + $500,000($5 × 100,000) + $150,000 ­ $160,000 + $80,000 - $50,000 = $1,650,000 The following information has been provided for Hopen Enterprises: Cost of goods manufactured $7,500 Work in process Beginning 1,200 Ending 1,400 Direct labor 4,000 Materials placed in production 1,500 Factory overhead ? What is the amount of factory overhead? a. $2,000 b. $2,200 c. $1,400 d. $5,500 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $7,500 + $1,400 - $1,200 - $4,000 - $1,500 = $2,200 The following information is from the records of Stretch Limousines, Inc.: Net direct materials purchase cost $225,000 Total direct materials used 275,000 Beginning direct materials inventory 125,000 The ending direct materials inventory is a. $175,000. b. $75,000. c. $50,000. d. $100,000. ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $125,000 + $225,000 - $275,000 = $75,000 The Sumter Company recently had a fire in its accounting office, destroying most of its records. Only the following information could be salvaged for 2016: Direct labor $400,000 Factory overhead 200,000 Cost of goods sold 800,000 Work in process, January 1 80,000 Finished goods, January 1 160,000 Work in process, December 31 100,000 Finished goods, December 31 120,000 The cost of direct materials used in production during 2016 is a. $140,000. b. $180,000. c. $200,000. d. $260,000. ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $800,000 + $120,000 - $160,000 + $100,000 - $80,000 - $400,000 -$200,000 = $180,000 Figure 2-15 Information from the records of Chrome Ponies Enterprises for June 2016 is as follows: Sales $41,000 Direct labor 10,000 Selling and administrative expenses 7,000 Direct materials purchases 6,000 Factory overhead 13,500 June 1, 2016 June 30, 2016 Direct materials $1,200 $1,400 Work in process 2,500 2,800 Finished goods 2,300 1,900 Inventories Refer to Figure 2-15. What was the cost of materials used in production? a. $ 6,200 b. $ 6,000 c. $5,800 d. $19,500 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: $6,000 + $1,200 - $1,400 = $5,800 Refer to Figure 2-15. Chrome Ponies Enterprises' cost of goods manufactured in June is a. $29,300. b. $29,700. c. $29,200. d. $29,000. ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 - $2,800 = $29,000 Refer to Figure 2-15. What are the total manufacturing costs added? a. $18,500 b. $19,300 c. $29,000 d. $29,300 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: $6,000 + $1,200 - $1,400 + $10,000 + $13,500 = $29,300 Refer to Figure 2-15. What is the gross margin (profit)? a. $11,500 b. $11,600 c. $4,500 d. $4,600 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: $41,000 - ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 - $2,800 +$2,300 - $1,900 = $11,600 Refer to Figure 2-15. What is the cost of goods sold? a. $36,500 b. $28,600 c. $29,400 d. $29,500 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: ($1,200 + $6,000 - $1,400) + $10,000 + $13,500 + $2,500 - $2,800 + $2,300 - $1,900 = $29,400 Morton Manufacturing shows cost of goods sold for the month of March was $90,000. The finished goods inventory was $15,000 on March 1 and $17,500 on March 31. Beginning and ending work-in-process inventories were $20,000 and $25,000, respectively. What was the cost of goods manufactured during March? a. $92,500 b. $90,000 c. $87,500 d. $97,500 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $90,000 + $17,500 - $15,000 = $92,500 Assume the following information for the Blue Knights Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2016: Sales $2,250 Cost of goods manufactured for the year 1,350 Beginning finished goods inventory 450 Ending finished goods inventory 495 Selling and administrative expenses 300 What is the cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2016? a. $1,305 b. $1,605 c. $1,350 d. $1,650 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $1,350 + 450 - $495 = $1,305 Rebel Yell, Inc., recorded the following data for April: Beginning finished goods inventory $60,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 40,000 Ending work-in-process inventory 80,000 Ending finished goods inventory 50,000 Factory overhead costs 200,000 Direct materials used 160,000 Direct labor 100,000 What is the cost of goods manufactured for April? a. $470,000 b. $420,000 c. $460,000 d. $430,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $160,000 + $100,000 + $200,000 + $40,000 - $80,000 = $420,000 The records of the Williamson Company show the following information: Direct materials used $90,000 Direct labor 130,000 Factory overhead 150,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 15,000 Beginning finished goods inventory 20,000 Ending work-in-process inventory 42,000 Selling and administrative expenses 37,500 What was the cost of goods manufactured during the year? a. $370,000 b. $365,000 c. $343,000 d. $333,000 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $90,000 + $130,000 + $150,000 + $15,000 - $42,000 = $343,000 Which of the following is NOT an example of a difference between the income statement of a service organization and the income statement of a manufacturing organization? A service company will never have work in process. The service company will not have a finished goods inventory. Fulfillment costs may be added to cost of goods sold of a service company. Research and development expenses are not usually a major component of a service organization. ANSWER: a Which of the following items would NOT appear on an income statement of a service organization? selling expenses cost of goods sold administrative expenses gross margin ANSWER: b Which of the following items is NEVER relevant to the cost flows of a service organization? finished goods inventory materials inventory work-in-process inventory all of the above are always relevant. ANSWER: a Assume the following data for Rodriguez Services, an accounting firm, for November: Beginning materials inventory $20,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 40,000 Ending work-in-process inventory 50,000 Ending materials inventory 10,000 Actual overhead costs 100,000 Direct materials used 60,000 Direct labor 200,000 What is the cost of services sold for November? a. $370,000 b. $350,000 c. $360,000 d. $330,000 ANSWER: b RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $60,000 + $200,000 + $100,000 + $40,000 - $50,000 = $350,000 Figure 2-16 A small engine repair shop purchased materials costing $9,000 in July. The beginning inventory of material parts was $4,500 and the ending inventory of material parts was $4,000. Payments for direct labor for July totaled $27,000, secretarial costs were $2,000, and overhead of $5,000 was incurred. In addition, $5,000 was spent on advertising and $2,000 for the franchise name. Revenue for July was $50,000. Refer to Figure 2-16. What is the cost of services sold for July? a. $41,500 b. $43,500 c. $50,500 d. $40,500 ANSWER: a RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: $9,000 + $4,500 - $4,000 + $27,000 + $5,000 = $41,500 Refer to Figure 2-16. What is the gross margin for July? a. $41,500 b. $43,500 c. $1,500 d. $8,500 ANSWER: d RATIONALE: SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS: COSS = $9,000 + $4,500 - $4,000 + $27,000 + $5,000 = $41,500 GM =$50,000 - 41,500 = $8,500 One or more of the following is (are) a cost accounting system(s) that use(s) only unit-based activity drivers to assign costs to cost objects. Activity-based management Activity-based costing system Functional-based cost management system Both a and b ANSWER: c Which of the following would be associated with a functional-based cost accounting information system? setup costs assigned to products using the number of setups as the driver materials handling costs assigned to products using the number of moves as the activity driver customer service costs assigned to products using the number of complaints as the activity driver purchasing costs assigned to products using number of direct labor hours as the activity driver ANSWER: d In a functional-based management system, one is NOT likely to find unit- and non-unit-based cost drivers. maximization of individual unit performance. narrow and rigid product costing. allocation intensive cost assignment. ANSWER: a In a cost management system, the cost view does NOT include resources. activities. driver analysis. products and customers. ANSWER: c The system that focuses on the management of activities with the objective of improving the value received by the customer and the profit received by providing this value is called. Activity-based management Contemporary cost control Functional-based cost management system JIT ANSWER: a Which of the following items would be associated with both a functional-based cost accounting information system and an activity based cost information system? Overhead is assigned on a plant-wide rate based on direct labor hours. Customer service costs are assigned to products using number of complaints as the activity driver. Direct labor cost is assigned to products using direct tracing. None of these. ANSWER: c In a cost management system, the process view does NOT include resources. activities. driver analysis. performance analysis. ANSWER: a Which is NOT a benefit of an activity-based cost management system? greater product costing accuracy increased cost of implementing the system improved decision making enhanced strategic planning ANSWER: b In an activity-based management system, one is NOT likely to find tracing of costs to activities. only unit-based drivers. broad flexible product costing. systemwide performance maximization. ANSWER: b Which of the following is a trait of a functional-based cost management system? unit-based drivers tracing intensive use of both financial and nonfinancial measures of performance detailed activity information ANSWER: a Which of the following is NOT a trait of a functional-based cost management system? unit-based drivers narrow and rigid product costing allocation-intensive focus on managing activities ANSWER: d Which of the following is a trait of an activity-based cost management system? allocation-intensive narrow and rigid product costing non-unit-based drivers focus on managing costs ANSWER: c The optimal level in the trade-off between measurement and error costs is when measurement costs are greater than error costs. measurement costs and error costs are minimized. measurement costs are less than error costs. the total of measurement costs and error costs are maximized. ANSWER: b Error costs can be defined as the costs associated with the measurements required by the cost management system. unit costs assigned based on activities. the costs associated with making poor decisions based on bad cost information. none of these ANSWER: c Describe a cost management information system, its objectives, and major subsystems. ANSWER: The cost management information system is an accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for internal users using inputs and processes needed to satisfy management objectives. The objectives are as follows: To provide information for costing out services, products, and other objects of interest to management. To provide information for planning and control. To provide information for decision making. The major subsystems of a cost management information system are the cost accounting information system and the operational control information system. The following items (partial list) are associated with a functional-based cost accounting information system, an activity-based cost accounting information system, or both: materials purchasing cost incurrence assignment of purchasing cost to products using direct labor hours assignment of purchasing cost using number of purchase orders usage of direct materials direct materials cost assigned to products using direct tracing materials handling cost incurrence materials handling cost assigned using direct labor hours materials handling cost assigned using the number of moves as the driver computer materials handling equipment decision to make a part or buy it from a supplier costing out of products report detailing individual product costs Required: For an activity-based cost system, classify the items into one of the following categories: interrelated parts processes objectives inputs outputs user actions How would the choices differ between the two systems? What are the costs and benefits of each? ANSWER: The activity-based cost accounting system: interrelated parts: computer processes: cost assignment: direct tracing of materials, driver tracing of purchasing costs (orders), materials handling cost (moves) objectives: costing out of products inputs: direct materials cost, purchasing cost, materials handling cost outputs: product cost report user actions: make-or-buy decision The difference in the costing systems is found in the processes. A functional-based cost system would not use nonunit drivers such as moves and orders to assign overhead but would use a unit driver like direct labor hours. There is increased accuracy of the cost assignments in an activity- based system, and a more comprehensive idea of costs may be used for decision making. The activity-based cost accounting system is more expensive to develop but has the benefit of more comprehensive uses for cost information. The functional-based cost system is simpler and less expensive to implement but the information generated is less versatile. Explain the differences between direct tracing, driver tracing, and allocation. ANSWER: Direct tracing is the process of identifying and assigning costs to a cost object that are specifically or physically associated with the cost object. Driver tracing is assigning costs using drivers, which are causal factors. The driver approach relies on identification of factors that allegedly capture the causal relationship. Allocation is the assignment of indirect costs to cost objects based on convenience or assumed linkages. Classify the following costs incurred by a step railing manufacturing company as direct materials, direct labor, factory overhead, or period costs: Wages paid to production workers Utilities in the office Depreciation on machinery in plant Steel Accountant's salary Rent on factory building Rent on office equipment Maintenance workers' wages Utilities in the plant Maintenance on office equipment ANSWER: a. Direct labor f. Factory overhead b. Period g. Period c. Factory overhead h. Factory overhead d. Direct materials i. Factory overhead e. Period j. Period Big Foot Athletics designs and manufactures running shoes. A new model of shoes, Fast Track, has been developed and is ready for production. Required: Which costs will the production manager collect from the value chain, and how would these costs be used in different decisions? traditional product costs operating product costs value-chain product costs ANSWER: Production costs would be included in all of the above definitions. traditional product costs: Direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead are the traditional product costs. They would be used for external reporting, budgeting, and control of costs. operating product costs: In addition to the traditional product costs, marketing and customer service costs would be considered in analyzing profitability of the product. Strategic questions about the operating design, i.e., materials and plant layout, would be addressed. The focus is on the revenue and cost of Fast Track. value-chain product costs: Production costs of Fast Track must be viewed in relation to other products. Strategic pricing and product mix decisions must be made. The profitability of all the product lines is at issue. Information from the records of the Maloney Company for the month of May 2016 is as follows: Purchases of direct materials $54,000 Indirect labor 15,000 Direct labor 31,200 Depreciation on factory machinery 9,000 Sales 165,900 Selling and administrative expenses 18,900 Rent on factory building 21,000 Inventories May 1, 2016 May 31, 2016 Direct materials $24,000 $26,100 Work in process 6,300 9,600 Finished goods 15,000 17,100 Required: Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured for the month of May. Prepare an income statement for the month of May. Determine prime and conversion costs. ANSWER: a. Maloney Company Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Month of May 2016 Direct materials: Beginning inventory $ 24,000 Add: Purchases   54,000 Materials available $ 78,000 Less: Ending inventory   26,100 Direct materials used in production $ 51,900 Direct labor 31,200 Manufacturing overhead: Indirect labor $ 15,000 Depreciation on machinery 9,000 Rent on factory   21,000   45,000 Total manufacturing costs added $128,100 Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory    6,300 Total costs in process $134,400 Less: Ending work-in-process inventory    9,600 Cost of goods manufactured $124,800 b. Maloney Company Income Statement For the Month of May 2016 Sales $165,900 Less: Cost of goods sold: Add: Cost of goods manufactured $124,800 Beginning inventory finished goods   15,000 Cost of goods available for sale $139,800 Less: Ending inventory finished goods   17,100  122,700 Gross margin $ 43,200 Less: Selling and administrative expenses   18,900 Operating income $ 24,300 c. Prime costs = $51,900 + $31,200 = $83,100 Conversion costs = $31,200 + $45,000 = $76,200 The following information pertains to the Montpelier Company: Direct materials purchases $62,400 Beginning direct materials 10,400 Factory overhead 58,400 Beginning work in process 10,600 Cost of goods manufactured 164,000 Ending finished goods 20,000 Gross margin 21,000 Selling and administrative expenses 7,000 Beginning finished goods 16,000 Ending work in process 8,000 Ending direct materials 12,400 Direct labor ? Direct materials used ? Operating income (loss) ? Total manufacturing costs added ? Cost of goods sold ? Sales ? Required: Determine the following values: Net income Total manufacturing costs added Cost of goods sold Sales Direct materials used Direct labor ANSWER: a. $21,000 – $7,000 = $14,000 b. $164,000 + $8,000 – $10,600 = $161,400 c. $16,000 + $164,000 – $20,000 = $160,000 d. $21,000 + $160,000* = $181,000 e. $10,400 + $62,400 - $12,400 = $60,400 f. $161,400** - $60,400*** – $58,400 = $42,600 *Found in c **Found in b ***Found in e Information about Mobile Enterprises for the year ending December 31, 2016, is as follows: Sales $300,000 Selling and administrative expenses 18,000 Net income 8,000 Beginning inventories: Direct materials 20,000 Work in process 18,000 Finished goods 62,000 Ending direct materials is 20 percent larger than beginning direct materials. Ending work in process is half of the beginning work in process. Ending finished goods increased by $8,000 during the year. Prime costs and conversion costs are 70 percent and 60 percent of total manufacturing costs added, respectively. Materials purchases are $113,200. Required: Prepare a statement of cost of goods manufactured. Prepare an income statement. Note: Find the numbers for the income statement first. ANSWER: a. Mobile Enterprises Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Direct materials: Beginning inventory* $ 20,000 Add: Purchases*  113,200 Materials available $133,200 Less: Ending inventory* ($20,000 ? 1.20)   24,000 Direct materials used in production $109,200 Direct labor [(.7 ? 273,000) – 109,200] 81,900 Manufacturing overhead [(.6 ? 273,000) – 81,900]   81,900 Total manufacturing costs added $273,000 Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory*   18,000 Total costs in process $291,000 Less: Ending work-in-process inventory* ($18,000 ? 0.50)    9,000 Cost of goods manufactured $282,000 b. Mobile Enterprises Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Sales* $300,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Add: Cost of goods manufactured $282,000 Beginning inventory finished goods*   62,000 Cost of goods available for sale $344,000 Less: Ending inventory finished goods* ($62,000 + $8,000)   70,000  274,000 Gross margin $ 26,000 Less: Selling and administrative expenses*   18,000 Operating income* $ 8,000 *These items are provided. The following costs were incurred by the Awesome Company: Direct labor $600,000 Direct material purchases 555,000 Depreciation on plant 30,000 Factory supervisor's salary 75,000 Plant maintenance 15,000 Plant utilities 27,000 Sales 1,950,000 Selling and administrative expenses 300,000 Beginning direct materials inventory 51,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 24,000 Beginning finished goods inventory 54,000 Ending direct materials inventory 45,000 Ending work in process 39,000 Ending finished goods 72,000 Required: Calculate the following values: Direct materials used Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods sold Operating income ANSWER: a. $51,000 + $555,000 – $45,000 = $561,000 b. $561,000 + $600,000 + $75,000 + $30,000 + $15,000 + $27,000 + $24,000 – $39,000 = $1,293,000 c. $54,000 + $1,293,000 – $72,000 = $1,275,000 d. $1,950,000 – $1,275,000 – $300,000 = $375,000 Foremost Corporation incurred the following costs: Beginning direct materials inventory $17,000 Beginning work-in-process inventory 8,000 Beginning finished goods inventory 18,000 Ending direct materials inventory 15,000 Ending work in process 13,000 Ending finished goods 24,000 Factory supervisor's salary 25,000 Depreciation on plant 10,000 Sales 650,000 Selling and administrative expenses 100,000 Plant maintenance 5,000 Plant utilities 9,000 Direct material purchases 185,000 Direct labor 200,000 Required: Calculate the following values: Direct materials used Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods sold Operating income ANSWER: a. $17,000 + $185,000 – $15,000 = $187,000 b. $187,000 + $200,000 + $25,000 + $10,000 + $5,000 + $9,000 + $8,000 – $13,000 = $431,000 c. $18,000 + $431,000 – $24,000 = $425,000 d. $650,000 – $425,000 – $100,000 = $125,000 Corlis Custom Builders designs decks, gazebos, and play equipment for residential homes. The following was provided for the year ended September 30, 2016: Direct labor $600,000 Direct material purchases 40,000 Administrative 130,000 Overhead 75,000 Selling 265,000 Beginning direct materials inventory 20,000 Beginning designs in process 14,000 Ending direct materials inventory 10,000 Ending designs in process 39,000 The average design fee is $700. There were 2,000 designs processed during the year. Required: Prepare a statement of cost of services sold. Prepare an income statement. Discuss three differences between services and tangible products. ANSWER: a. Corlis Custom Builders Cost of Services Sold For the Year Ended September 30, 2014 Beginning materials $ 20,000 Purchases 40,000 Materials available 60,000 Less Ending materials 10,000 Materials used 50,000 Direct labor 600,000 Overhead 75,000 Beginning design in process 14,000 Ending designs in process 39,000 Cost of Services Sold $700,000 b. Corlis Custom Builders Income Statement For the Year Ended September 30, 2014 Sales $1,400,000 Cost of services sold 700,000 Gross margin 700,000 Selling 265,000 Administrative 130,000 Net income $ 305,000 c. Services have three attributes that are not possessed by tangible products: intangibility, perishability, and inseparability. . Define activity-based management. In your answer, present the activity-based management model in good form. ANSWER: Activity-based management focuses on the management of activities with the objective of improving the value received by the customer and the profit received by providing this value; it includes driver analysis, activity analysis, and performance evaluation and draws on activity-based costing as a major source of information. Exhibit 2-7 in the text presents the model. In choosing a cost management system, the controller must balance the total costs of implementing such systems. What costs must be balanced to determine total cost? How do functional-based and activity-based cost systems balance the trade-offs? ANSWER: Error costs and measurement costs must be considered in choosing a cost management system. Activity-based cost management has greater measurement costs due to analyzing many activities but has greater accuracy and fewer error costs. Functional-based cost systems have lower measurement costs but higher error costs. Controllers must assess the need for accuracy in costing, pricing, and managing profitability. The cost of goods sold for the Immaculate Corporation for the month of April 2016 was $450,000. Work-in-process inventory at the end of April was 95 percent of the work-in-process inventory at the beginning of the month. Overhead is 80 percent of the direct labor cost. During the month, $110,000 of direct materials were purchased. Revenues for Immaculate were $600,000, and the selling and administrative costs were $70,000. Other information about Immaculate's inventories and production for April was as follows: Ending inventories-April 30 Direct materials $19,000 Work in process ? Finished goods 105,000 Direct materials $22,200 Work in process 40,000 Finished goods 208,500 Beginning inventories-April 1 Required: Prepare a cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold statements. Prepare an income statement. What are the prime costs, conversion costs, and period costs? ANSWER: a. Immaculate Corporation Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured For Month of April 2016 Direct materials: Beginning inventory* $ 22,200 Add: Purchases*  110,000 Materials available $132,200 Less: Ending inventory*   19,000 Direct materials used in production $113,200 Direct labor below 128,500 Manufacturing overhead ($128,500 ´ 0.80)  102,800 Total manufacturing costs added $344,500 Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory*   40,000 Total costs in process $384,500 Less: Ending work-in-process inventory ($40,000 ´ 0.95)   38,000 Cost of goods manufactured (from COGS statement) $346,500 DM used = $22,200 + $110,000 – $19,000 = $113,200 CGM = $450,000 + $105,000 – $208,500 = $346,500 Total manufacturing costs added = DM + DL + MOH $344,500 = 113,200 + DL + MOH $231,300 = DL + MOH $231,300 = DL + {MOH = 0.80 ´ DL} $231,300 = DL + .8DL $231,300 = 1.8DL $128,500 = DL  MOH = 0.80 ? DL  MOH = 0.80 ? 128,500 = 102,800 Immaculate Corporation Cost of Goods Sold Statement For Month of April 2016 Cost of goods sold*: Add: Cost of goods manufactured $346,500 Beginning inventory finished goods* 208,500 Cost of goods available for sale $555,000 Less: Ending inventory finished goods* 105,000 Cost of Goods Sold* $450,000 *These items are provided. b. Immaculate Company Income Statement For Month of April 2016 Sales* $600,000 Less: Cost of goods sold*: Add: Cost of goods manufactured $346,500 Beginning inventory finished goods* 208,500 Cost of goods available for sale $555,000 Less: Ending inventory finished goods* 105,000 450,000 Gross margin $150,000 Less: Selling and administrative expenses* 70,000 Operating income $ 80,000 *These items are provided. c. Conversion costs = direct labor and overhead = $231,300 = $128,500 + $102,800 = $231,300 Prime costs = DM + DL = $113,200 + $128,500 = $241,700 Period costs = $70,000 Describe several of the major differences between a functional-based cost management system and an activity-based cost management system. ANSWER: The functional-based cost accounting system assumes that all costs can be classified as fixed or variable with respect to changes in the units or volume of product produced. The activity-based cost management system's objective is to improve the quality, content, relevance, and timing of information. A comparison of the two systems is shown below: Functional-based Activity-based 1. Unit-based drivers 1. Unit and nonunit-based drivers 2. Allocation-intensive 2. Tracing-intensive 3. Narrow and rigid product costing 3. Broad, flexible product costing 4. Focus on managing costs 4. Focus on managing activities 5. Sparse activity information 5. Detailed activity information 6. Maximization of individual 6. Systemwide performance unit performance maximization 7. Uses financial measures of 7. Uses both financial and performance nonfinancial measures of performance