2017 Class 2 Child Dev.

Infants, Children, and Adolescents Eighth Edition Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Review * Extra credit…. Exam 9/20 Chapters 1, 2 and 3. PowerPoint Notes Open Everything (not always a gift) Final paper worth 20% Each student will write a 3-5 page paper outlining how they will use information learned in this class in their intended career. Additionally, each student will discuss how information learned in this course has influenced her/his potential career choices compared to before the semester. The paper assignment will be discussed extensively in class. All papers will be submitted electronically through email. Failure to submit the paper by 11:59pm on the evening of the final experience will result in a grade of zero for the paper. Examples of … Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory In Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Childhood plays a vital and active role in a person’s development. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development {2D5ABB26-0587-4C30-8999-92F81FD0307C}Stage Period of Development Description Sensorimotor Birth–2 years Infants “think” by acting on the world. As a result, they invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems. Preoperational 2–7 years Preschoolers use symbols, develop language and make-believe play. Thinking still lacks the logic of later stages. Concrete operational 7–11 years Reasoning becomes logical and better-organized. Thinking is not yet abstract. Formal operational 11 years on Abstract thinking enables use of hypotheses, inferences. Adolescents no longer rely on real-world circumstances for logic problems. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Transmission of culture to new generation Beliefs, customs, skills Social interaction vital for cognitive development Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by the surrounding environment Microsystem- Consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child’s immediate environment Mesosystem- Connections between microsystems such as home, school and neighborhood Exosystem- Social settings that do not include children but effect experiences such as community health and welfare services Macrosystem- Cultural values, customs and resources Chronosystem- Both life changes and changes that arise within Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.4 Studying the Child Scientific Research: Hypothesis: prediction drawn directly from a theory Research methods: activities of participants Research designs: overall plans for research studies Systematic Observation Naturalistic Observation In the “field” or natural environment where behavior happens Cannot control conditions Structured Observations Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior of interest All participants have equal chance to display behavior May not be typical of participants’ everyday behaviors Interviews Clinical Interview Flexible, conversational style Probes for participant’s point of view May not accurately represent children’s thinking Structured Interview Each participant is asked same questions in the same way. May use questionnaires, get answers from groups Not as in-depth Case Study Brings together wide range of information, including interviews, observations, test scores Best used to study unique types of individuals May be influenced by researcher biases, and findings may not generalize Correlation Coefficients Magnitude: Strength as indicated by a number between 0 and 1 Closer to 1 (positive or negative) is a stronger relationship Direction: Indicated by the sign (+ or –) Positive: As one variable increases, so does the other Negative: As one variable increases, the other decreases Correlation Coefficients Figure 1.6 Correlation Coefficients Positive: As one variable increases, so does the other Grades and hours studying Height and shoe size Hair length and shampoo Years of ed. and $$ Negative: As one variable increases, the other decreases Hours playing video games and GPA Grades and absenteeism Car mileage and value Inverted U Something will increase in proportion up to a certain point. Above the optimal level it will decrease. Examples Walking and Age ADHD and Caffeine Sleep and Performance Anxiety and Test Taking Motivation and Difficulty Correlation vs. Causation Even if there is a very strong association between two variables we cannot assume that one causes the other. There can also be a third variable. Examples: Landscape Radios Pirates Fireman Tutors Ice Cream Palm Size Independent and Dependent Variables Independent Experimenter controls or manipulates Expected to cause changes in another variable Dependent Experimenter measures but does not manipulate Expected to be influenced by the independent variable Independent and Dependent Variables Examples I want to change the amount of water a plant receives to see if the height of the plant will change. Independent – Water Dependent – Height of plant Do crickets chirp more at higher temperatures Independent – Temperature Dependent - # of chirps Break into Pairs Come up with one hypothesis statement. Identify the independent and dependent variable. Quiz the class. Designs for Studying Development {2D5ABB26-0587-4C30-8999-92F81FD0307C}Longitudinal Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages Cross-sectional Participants of differing ages all studied at the same time Sequential Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times. Microgenetic Participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions. Strengths and Limitations of Research Design {2D5ABB26-0587-4C30-8999-92F81FD0307C}Design Strengths Limitations Longitudinal Permits study of: common patterns individual differences relationships in early and later behaviors Biased sampling Selective attrition Practice effects Cohort effects Cross-sectional More efficient than longitudinal No study of individual development Cohort effects Sequential Longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons Reveals cohort effects Tracks age-related changes efficiently Could have same problems as longitudinal and cross-sectional Microgenetic Offers insights about change Requires intense study of participants Time required for change varies Practice effects Children’s Research Rights Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments Infants, Children, and Adolescents Eighth Edition Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Genetic Foundations Chromosomes: store and transmit genetic information Genes: segments of DNA located along the chromosomes DNA: substance of which genes and chromosomes are made Cool little video… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfSNxVqprvM Genetic Foundations Figure 2.2 Meiosis Process of cell division used to create gametes (sex cells) Halves the number of chromosomes normally present When sperm and ovum unite, zygote (fertilized egg) will have 46 chromosomes again. Ensures transmission of a constant quantity of genetic material Sex Cells Boys can father at any age after maturity Girls are born with ova in ovaries. 350-450 ova will mature during childbearing years Boy or Girl? 22 matching pairs of chromosomes are autosomes 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes XX female XY male Twins Fraternal/Dizygotic: two zygotes, or fertilized ova Identical/Monozygotic: one zygote that divides into two individuals Maternal Factors Related to Fraternal Twinning Ethnicity Family history of twinning Age Nutrition Number of births Fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization Patterns of Gene–Gene Interactions Alleles inherited from the parents are either dominant or recessive, determining: Physical traits Disabilities and diseases Dominant–Recessive Inheritance Figure 2.3 X-Linked Inheritance Implies a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males are more likely to be affected because the Y is shorter and may not have a dominant allele to suppress the recessive. Nature compensates: Worldwide, about 106 boys are born for every 100 girls. X-Linked Inheritance Figure 2.4 Mutation Mutation Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment Can occur spontaneously or be caused by hazardous environmental agents Mutation Somatic Mutation: Normal body cells mutate, an event that can happen at any time in life. The DNA defect can eventually become widespread enough to cause disease or disability. Germline Mutation: Takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes Defective DNA is passed on to the next generation. Chromosomal Abnormalities Down syndrome Results from problems with the 21st pair of chromosomes not separating. Receive 3 rather than 2 chromosomes Sex chromosome abnormalities Results from problems with the X or Y chromosomes Down Syndrome 95% of cases result from failure of 21st chromosome pair to separate during meiosis. Consequences include: Intellectual disability Speech problems and limited vocabulary Slow motor development Distinct physical features Increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease starting around age 40 Risk of Down Syndrome and All Chromosomal Abnormalities by Maternal Age Figure 2.5 (From R. L. Schonberg & C. J. Tifft, 2012, “Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis,” from Children with Disabilities, 7/e, M. L. Matshaw, N. J. Roizen, & G. R. Lotrecchiano, editors, p. 50. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co, Inc. Adapted by permission.) Sex Chromosomal Disorders {3B4B98B0-60AC-42C2-AFA5-B58CD77FA1E5}Disorder Description Treatment XYY syndrome Above-average height; large teeth. Normal intelligence and sexual development. No special treatment necessary. Triple X syndrome (XXX) Tall. Impaired verbal intelligence. Normal sexual development. Special education for verbal ability problems. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) Tall; feminine body-fat distribution. Impaired verbal intelligence. Incomplete sexual development. Hormone therapy to stimulate sexual development; special education for verbal ability problems. Turner syndrome (XO) Short stature; webbed neck. Impaired spatial intelligence. Incomplete sexual development. Hormone therapy to stimulate physical growth and sexual development; special education for spatial ability problems. Reproductive Choices Genetic counseling helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose family goals accordingly. Options: Conception—knowing risks Reproductive technologies Adoption Prenatal Diagnostic Methods Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Fetoscopy Ultrasound Maternal blood analysis Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Fetal Medicine Can result in complications, the most common being premature labor or miscarriage Surgery Blood transfusions Bone marrow transplants Genetic Engineering Human Genome Project Researchers have mapped the sequence of all human DNA base pairs. Working on identifying all genes and their functions Thousands of genes are already identified, including those involved in disorders of the heart, digestive system, blood, eye, and nervous system, and many forms of cancer. New treatments under development include gene therapy and proteomics. Adoption Adopted children show more learning and emotional difficulties: Early stress and conflict-ridden relationships Children and adoptive parents less alike in intelligence and personality Age at adoption can influence difficulties. With sensitive caregiving, most children ultimately fare well. Reproductive Technologies Donor insemination and in vitro fertilization Ethical concerns: post-menopausal childbearing, “designer babies” Surrogate motherhood Ethical concerns: Exploitation of financially needy women, insecurity of surrogate’s own children Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning Timing of parenthood and family size Values and expectations Communication and discipline styles Children’s cognitive development