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BIOL 308: Foundations of Ecology and Evolution Exam 1 Version A
Follow directions. In multiple choice questions choose the one best answer. Multiple choice questions are worth two points each except for question 41, which is worth 3 points. There are 103 points on the exam but your grade is based on 100. You have 3 free points and a perfect score can be 103.
1. Which one of the following would not qualify as an example of biological evolution?
A) The loss of an allele in a small population;
B) An increase in the allele responsible for larger beaks in a Galapagos finch population after a drought;
C) The radiation of marsupial mammals into multiple niches in Australia;
D) The rise and erosion of the Appalachian mountain chain;
E) All of the above do not qualify.
2. The reconstruction of the evolutionary relationships among life on earth on a “family tree” is known as
A) an ontogeny;
B) a phylogeny;
C) a domain;
D) astrology;
E) alternate facts.
3. Which of these statements about evolution is not true?
A) Evolution is the central unifying concept in biology;
B) Evolution is a concept based on change;
C) Evolution is affirmed by multiple branches of science including geology, the fossil record and molecular biology;
D) A theory is a statement of general laws, principles or causes of something know or observed;
E) All of the above are true.
4. Which one of the following is not one of Darwin’s postulates?
A) Morphological traits can be modified during the lifetime of an individual and those changes can be inherited by the offspring;
B) Variation exists within and between populations for any given trait;
C) Many more individual are produced than can survive;
D) Natural selection preserves the most fit.
5. Evolution works at the level of _______, while natural selection works at the level of _______.
A) A population; the community B) A community; the individual
C) The individual; the community D) a population; the individual
6. In the Hoki Hoekstra study of old field and beach mice in Florida, light coloration evolved independently in both the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic Coast populations. This is an example of:
A) Convergent evolution; B) Genetic Drift;
C) Divergent evolution; D) Acclimation;
7. In the Jonathon Losos study of Caribbean lizards he found that most islands had evolved four types of lizards that he called: 1) the slender grass bush anole, 2) the long-legged trunk ground anole, 3) the short-legged twig Anole, and 4) the large canopy anole. Furthermore, many islands had independently evolved these four species types starting with different genetic material. Each of these islands demonstrates the phenomenon of:
A) Evolutionary Radiation and Allopatric Speciation
B) Acclimation;
C) Genetic Drift;
D) Metapopulation Dynamics;
E) Sympatric Speciation.
8. The Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) and the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are examples of:
A) Allopatric Speciation; B) Sympatric Speciation;
C) Convergent Evolution; D) Ecotypes.
9. If a light-colored mouse placed on dark loamy soil takes on a dark brown coat and, when returned to the beach became light colored again, this would be an example of:
A) Adaptation B) Acclimation C) Subspecies D) Speciation
10. Kohlrabi, broccoli, kale and Brussel sprouts are examples of
A) Ecotypes;
B) Species;
C) Convergent evolution;
D) Natural selection;
E) Cultural or artificial selection
Select from the following list to answer questions 11-14
A) Andreas Vesalius
B) Nicholas Steno
C) Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
D) Thomas Malthus
E) Georges Cuvier
11. Father of modern Paleontology. B
12. Father of modern comparative anatomy. A
13. Argued that life, like the Earth, had a history. C
14. Argued that human populations will grow exponentially while food supplies will grow arithmetically. D
Select from the following list to answer questions 15-17
A) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
B) Charles Darwin
C) Charles Lyell
D) Alfred Russel Wallace
E) Jean Valjean
15. Founded the uniformitarianism version of geology. C
16. Founded the science of biogeography while simultaneously devising a theory of evolution almost identical to that of Darwin. D
17. Proposed a theory of evolution which was not accepted and who died in poverty. A
18. Genetic drift may cause which of the following to happen in populations?
A) Loss of genetic diversity. C) Population divergence.
B) Loss of natural selection. D) All of these happen.
19. Birds of paradise in New Guinea demonstrate the power of:
A) Natural Selection;
B) Artificial Selection;
C) Sexual Selection;
D) Stochastic Selection;
E) Genetic Drift.
20. In small populations, the rate of evolution is influenced most heavily by:
A) Genetic Drift;
B) Natural Selection;
C) Artificial Selection;
D) Sexual Selection;
E) Weinbergian Selection.
21. Which of the following is the phenomenon whereby the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes?
A) evolution B) polyploidy
C) mutation D) epistasis
22. Richard Lenski grew bacteria over 500,000 generations in 12 bacterial family lines. During this time, he found three key pieces of information. Which of the following is NOT one of Lenski’s discoveries?
A) A few key genes had mutated in almost all 12 lines.
B) When challenged with maltose, none of the 12 lines could feed on maltose and died out.
C) Each line had a number of mutations different from all other the lines.
D) Some of the bacterial lines evolved the ability to metabolize citrate.
23. The work of the Grants in the Galapagos demonstrated:
A) natural selection in finches;
B) directional natural selection in lizards;
C) sexual selection in finches;
D) sexual selection in lizards;
E) That a married couple cannot do research together.
24. When studying Geospiza fortis and Geospiza fulginosa on the Galapagos Islands, the Grants found that the beak sizes were almost identical when the two species were allopatric. What did they find when the two species were sympatric?
A) Due to competitive exclusion, both species went extinct;
B) Due to competitive exclusion, only one of the species could survive on a given island;
C) Due to differences in breeding habits, the 2 species coexisted with no changes in beak sizes;
D) Due to natural selection, the beak size increases in one of the species and decreases in the other species, allowing the two species to coexist.
E) That a married couple can do research together but they cannot both get tenure.
25. In which of the following will you find the average characteristics of a population are preserved as selection favors the average individuals?
A) Disruptive Selection B) Stabilizing Selection
C) Directional Selection D) None of these is correct.
26. In which of the following will you find individuals are favored which vary in one direction from the population mean?
A) Disruptive Selection B) Stabilizing Selection
C) Directional Selection D) None of these is correct.
27. If you were a female dunnock, what mating combination would you choose to optimize the fitness of your offspring? What is the mating combination called?
A. One male with one female; Monogamy.
B. One male with two or more females; Polygyny.
C. One female with two or more males; Polyandry.
D. Multiple males and females; Polygynandry.
28. Some males display in a special area in order to have females choose them. The area is called a:
A) lek. B) sexual selection.
C) ring. D) ley.
29. The ultimate source of new alleles, and ultimately new genes, is:
A) evolution. B) natural selection.
C) sexual selection. D) mutation.
30. The simplest type of mutation is called a(n)
A) silent mutation. B) synonymous mutation.
C) point mutation. D) nonsynonymous mutation.
31. The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide to a DNA sequence is called a:
A) sickle cell anemia. B) thalassemia.
C) hemophilia. D) frame-shift mutation.
32. According to one definition, a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from all other kinds of organisms is called a(n):
A) population. B) species. C) group. D) ecotype
33. What was the main reason that maggot flies became reproductively isolated from one another?
A) Genetic Drift.
B) Chromosomal Inversions.
C) Change in timing of reproduction and preference for host plants.
D) Point mutations.
34. Which of the following is the most likely sequence of events in geographic speciation?
A) Geographic barrier, reproductive isolation, genetic divergence
B) Reproductive isolation, geographic barrier, genetic divergence
C) Genetic divergence, geographic barrier, reproductive isolation
D) Genetic divergence, reproductive isolation, geographic barrier
E) Reproductive isolation, genetic divergence, geographic barrier
35. The most common means of sympatric speciation occurs via:
A) Geographic barrier
B) The hawthorne process
C) Disruptive selection
D) Polyploidy
36. Which of the following changes is a transition?
A) A to G B) A to T C) A to C D) G to T E) G to C
37. The relationship between Acacia trees and Pseudomyrmex ants in Central America is best described as:
A) Neither symbiosis nor mutualism;
B) Symbiosis but not mutualism;
C) Symbiosis and obligatory mutualism;
D) Obligatory mutualism but not symbiosis;
E) Symbiosis and facultative mutualism.
38. What do the Acacia trees provide for the ant colonies?
A) Extrafloral nectaries;
B) Thorns as places to live;
C) Beltian bodies as lipid and protein sources;
D) Evergreen habit;
E) All of the above.
39. What are the characteristics of the ant species, Pseudomyrmex nigropilosus?
A) The workers are fierce and attack insects and humans alike;
B) They forage day and night;
C) They behave like an invasive species living on an ephemeral resource;
D) They have a very long pre-reproductive period of several years;
D) They raise the fitness of the Acacia trees.
40. What happens if a non-resistant garter snake begins to eat a rough-skinned newt?
A) It stops, opens its jaws and spit out the newt;
B) The newt is killed;
C) The snake moves quickly away with no apparent harm;
D) The snake becomes resistant later in life;
E) The snake has become a symbol for a new political party formed after the November election.
(3) 41. White-tailed deer show a size/mass gradient by latitude with the smallest deer living in the tropics and the largest in the north temperate latitudes. Below are data when these populations were brought to a common environment, Front Royal, Virginia and were bred there. All data are mean mass in Kg of adult males and all data are those of the offspring of populations born in Front Royal.
Mass in Native Environment
Mass in Front Royal
Costa Rica
35.5 Kg
36.5 Kg
Mexico
37.0 Kg
38.0 Kg
Texas
42.0 Kg
40.0 Kg
Virginia
45.0 Kg
45.8 Kg
Northern Wisconsin
50.0 Kg
51.0 Kg
For the mass in the native environments, the Northern Wisconsin population is significantly heavier than all of the populations except that of Virginia. No significant differences were found among the other populations. When comparing mass in Front Royal versus mass in the native environment, none of the populations show significant differences. When comparing masses from the individuals born in Front Royal, both the Virginia and Northern Wisconsin populations are significantly different from the other three populations.
What can we conclude about these populations?
A) The Northern Wisconsin population is an ecotype;
B) Acclimation explains all of the differences;
C) The Northern Wisconsin population shows both adaptation and acclimation;
D) The Northern Wisconsin population is a separate species.
Short Answer.
(5) 42. There are six assumptions to the Hardy-Weinberg Model. List five of them.
1) No mutation
2) No natural selection
3) large population
4) Equal survivorship and reproduction of all individuals
5) No immigration or emigration
6) All individuals breed and mating is totally random
(5) 43. There are five mechanisms of evolution. List five of them.
1. Natural selection
2. Sexual selection
3. Mutation
4. Gene flow or migration and non-random mating
5. Genetic Drift and Founder Effect
(10) 44. From the journal, Xenobiology, 2090: On the planet XXXON individuals have two hands but one is much larger than the other. It was determined that the size of the largest hand is determined by a pair of alleles, JJ. The genotype of the medium sized hand is Jj and the smallest hands have a genotype of jj. When visitors from earth studied this population in 2030 they found that the allelic frequency of the J gene was 0.60. What was the frequency of the j gene? 0.40
The scientists suspected that this population was undergoing sexual selection, natural selection or both and hypothesized that when this population was studied again, it would not show a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium based on the original study population. Below are data gathered in 2086 on the genotype frequencies. Were they correct? Is this population NOT in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium based on allelic frequencies of 0.60 and 0.40? Follow steps A-D below and show your work!
Number of Individuals in population: 450
JJ = 310 Jj = 100 aa = 40
Given:
p = AA + ½Aa
q = aa + ½Aa
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
X2 = ((observed - expected)2 / expected)
X2 1, 0.05 = 3.841
A) Given the observed genotype frequencies, what are the observed allelic frequencies?
0.80 and 0.20
B) Given the expected allelic frequencies of 0.60 and 0.40, what are the expected genotype frequencies?
JJ = (.36)*450 = 162 Jj = 2(.6)(.4) *450 = 216 jj = 86.4 = (.16*450) = 72
C) Do the Chi Square test.
Obs Exp (O-E)2 /E
310 162 135.2
100 216 62.3
40 72 14.2
211.7
E) According to the Hardy-Weinberg test has the population changed since 2030?
YES
