Earth Science, 14/E - Chapter 1 - Test Bank

Earth Science, 14e (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science 1) What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? A) Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past. B) Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface. C) Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past. D) none of the above—physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 2) The study of Earth's atmosphere is known as ________. A) astronomy B) oceanography C) meteorology D) cosmology Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 3) Which science is not used within the Earth sciences? A) Chemistry B) Physics C) Biology D) Mathematics E) None of the above; Earth Science makes use of all of these sciences. Answer: E Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Apply 4) Oceanography is the study of the oceans and geology is the study of the earth, so what is meteorology? A) the study of meteors B) the study of the Sun's impact on the upper atmosphere C) the study of the atmosphere D) the study of how to be a TV newscaster Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 5) Sedimentary rocks with marine fossils are exposed at the top of Mt. Everest. Which scientists would make most use of this observation in their study? A) Meteorologists, because they could use the fossils as a guide to ancient climates B) Geologists, because their elevation is related to physical geology and fossils are related to Earth history C) Oceanographers, because the fossils can tell us about periods when the earth was covered with water to the height of Mt. Everest D) Astronomers, because they can study how life came from outer space to Earth Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 6) Hurricanes and tornados are natural disasters. What branch of the Earth sciences studies the origin of these phenomena? A) Meteorology B) Geology C) Oceanography D) Astronomy Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 7) Hurricanes are natural disasters. Which branch of the Earth sciences studies the impact of this phenomenon on coastal environments? A) Meteorology B) Geology C) Oceanography D) Astronomy Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 8) Tsunamis and earthquakes have killed millions of people during human history. What branch of the Earth sciences is the main group that studies these phenomena? A) Meteorology B) Geology C) Oceanography D) Astronomy Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 9) If you want to buy a house in an area and you are worried there may be an earthquake hazard, who would be the best person to ask for advice on this hazard? A) a civil engineer B) a geologist C) a physicist D) an astrologer Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 10) The earth is estimated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old. Life appeared early in the history of Earth, but metazoans (multicelled organisms) did not appear until about 600 million years ago. If the history of Earth were compressed into a single year, when would metazoans appear? A) late September B) late November C) mid-December D) late January Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 11) Which of the following would not typically be considered an Earth Science study? A) studies of volcanic eruptions B) studies of impact craters on the moon C) studies of acid mine waters and the bacteria that live in those waters D) chemical refining of petroleum Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand / 3 Apply 12) Climate change is a well-known human problem and remains controversial despite widespread scientific agreement on the issue. Although most scientists are familiar with the issues, if you were a congressman and wanted an informed analysis of the problem, which of the following would be most likely to give you the most complete analysis? A) an astronomer B) a meteorologist with knowledge of oceanography C) a geologist with knowledge of astronomy D) a physicist Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 13) A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A) hypothesis B) generalization C) law D) theory Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 14) The primary goal of Earth Science is ________. A) to develop things that will benefit mankind B) to identify the patterns in nature and use that information to predict the future C) to locate resources D) to protect the environment Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 15) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________. A) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement B) assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation C) the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts D) development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 16) Which of the following is not necessary for a hypothesis to be accepted by the scientific community? A) It must be testable. B) It must predict something other than the observations it was based on. C) There must be alternative hypotheses proposed. D) It must be based on observations or facts. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 17) The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles. A) protogalactic theory B) nebular theory C) extrastellar solar hypothesis D) planetary compression theory Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 18) Which of the following is not a planet? A) Europa B) Venus C) Saturn D) Neptune Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 19) In the television series "Cosmos" the astronomer Carl Sagan used to say, "We are all made of star stuff." What did he mean by that? A) All of the chemical elements were formed during the big bang when the universe began, so we are like the stars. B) We all have to potential to be stars. C) All of the chemical elements in our solar system were forged in an ancient star that went supernova. D) The earth has incorporated large amounts of chemical material from the solar wind, so our bodies carry this material. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 20) In the proto-solar system nebula, gravity pulled matter together to form larger bodies. As they collided, what happened to these bodies? A) Oblique collisions caused individual bodies to spin. B) The objects broke apart to form asteroids, much like a neutron colliding with a heavy atom produces fission. C) The objects temporarily broke apart and then reformed into large objects, cooling rapidly during the breakup period. D) Immense heat was released within the colliding bodies as gravitational potential energy was converted to heat. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 21) Light elements like hydrogen and helium form a large percentage of the outer planets and Sun is made up primarily of hydrogen. Why are these elements nearly absent from the inner planets? A) The Sun captured all of the hydrogen during its formation. B) These light elements are blown away from the inner planets by the solar wind. C) It is a mystery that has never been solved by science. D) Hydrogen and helium have all been bound up by chemical reactions on the inner planets and are held in rock. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 22) Comets are made up primarily of ________. A) iron-nickel alloys B) silicate minerals, like rocks on Earth C) frozen hydrogen D) frozen water, carbon dioxide, and methane Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 23) The Oort cloud is ________. A) an unusual type of cloud formed when meteorites strike the earth B) another name for the inner solar system, just before the Sun became hot enough for nuclear fusion C) the outer solar system where planetesimals, rocky debris and comets orbit outside beyond the outer planets but cross into the inner solar system at times D) the asteroid belt Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 24) The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth. A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) biosphere D) geosphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 25) The ________ refers to the water-dominated parts of the earth. A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) biosphere D) geosphere Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 26) The largest of Earth's spheres is the ________. A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) geosphere D) biosphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 27) Soil belongs to the ________. A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) geosphere D) biosphere E) All of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 28) The exchange of energy between the surface of the earth, the atmosphere, and space causes ________. A) topography B) temperature C) weather D) glaciers Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 29) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? A) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere D) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 30) The composition of the earth's inner core is thought to be ________. A) basalt B) granite C) peridotite D) solid iron-nickel alloy Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 31) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the earth. A) outer core B) crust C) inner core D) mantle Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 32) The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the earth's interior. A) inner core B) lithosphere C) mantle D) outer core Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 33) The ________ is the thinnest layer of the earth. A) crust B) outer core C) mantle D) inner core Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 34) The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle tectonic plates. A) asthenosphere B) lithosphere C) astrosphere D) eosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 35) Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates? A) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon B) electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner core C) heat transfer between the earth's interior and the surface of the earth D) swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer core Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 36) Convergent plate boundaries are ________. A) sites where cold, downgoing convective cells, the plates, descent into the mantle B) sites where heat from the earth's interior is vented to the surface as volcanos C) areas where two plates slide laterally past one another, generating earthquakes, like the San Andrea fault D) sites of supervolcanos like Yellowstone Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 37) Oceanic crust is generated at ________. A) hot spots on the sea floor, like Iceland B) spreading ridges C) convergent plate margins D) transform plate margins Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 38) Continental shields and platforms represent ________. A) sites where continents collide, analogous to warriors clashing shields B) names given to Paleozoic mountain belts C) sedimentary basins with inland seas shaped like a shield, like Hudson's bay D) areas in the interior of continents that have not experienced mountain building for billions of years Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere; Fig. 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 39) Which of the following layers in the earth has the highest density? A) Lithosphere B) Asthenosphere C) Lower mantle D) Outer Core Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 40) The Andes Mountains in South America are formed by ________. A) subduction B) sea floor spreading C) back-arc contraction D) continental collision Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 41) The Himalayan Mountains and adjacent Tibet are a mountain system formed by ________. A) subduction B) sea floor spreading C) back-arc contraction D) continental collision Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 42) Which of the following is a reasonable approximation of the rate that plates move? A) the rate of growth of human hair or fingernails B) the speed a turtle walks C) the speed of a mountain glacier D) the speed of deep ocean currents Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 43) What two chemical elements are most abundant in the deep interior of the earth? A) iron and magnesium B) magnesium and oxygen C) hydrogen and helium D) silicon and oxygen Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 44) A major cause of the differences in elevation between ocean basins and continents is ________. A) viscosity B) temperature C) density D) mass Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 45) Ocean floor averages about ________ km depth below sea level. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 46) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust because ocean crust is ________. A) composed primarily of basalt B) composed primarily of granite C) thicker than continental crust D) thinner than continental crust Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 47) Flat, stable areas of continental crust tend to be located ________. A) along coastlines B) near desert regions C) in the interior of continents D) in areas that receive large amounts of rainfall Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 48) Major mountain belts on the earth are ________. A) older than smaller mountain belts because they have had enough time to grow large B) located around the Pacific Ocean C) over 10 km high D) made of granite because it is low density and allows for maximum growth Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 49) Shield areas in continental interiors are characterized by ________. A) linear chains of mountains less than 100 million years old B) flat areas that include rocks older than 1 billion years old C) flat river valleys that cut through older mountain ranges D) ancient coastal regions that have become abandoned and eroded Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 50) Which of the following is not considered to be part of a typical ocean basin? A) a linear chain of volcanoes B) large expanses of flat plains C) granitic intrusions D) deep canyons Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 51) Deep ocean trenches typically are not located adjacent to ________. A) transform plate boundaries B) volcanic island arc chains C) young continental mountains D) abyssal plains Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 52) Long oceanic mountain chains typically are characterized by ________. A) highly deformed sedimentary rocks B) granitic plutons and batholiths C) layers of igneous rocks D) rocks older than 1 billion years old Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 53) Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________. A) along the margins of continents B) in the interior regions of continents C) scattered throughout continents D) along only the eastern margins of continents Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 54) The continental shelf is located ________. A) between the continental slope and continental rise B) between the continental rise and the abyssal plains C) seaward of the continental slope D) landward of the continental slope Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 55) The most prominent features on the ocean floor are the ________. A) deep-ocean trenches B) oceanic ridges C) seamounts D) lava plateaus Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 56) A(n) ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system. A) closed B) open C) feedback D) equilibrated Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 57) Mechanisms that enhance or drive change are known as ________. A) negative feedback mechanisms B) positive feedback mechanisms C) closed feedback mechanisms D) open feedback mechanisms Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 58) What is the source of the energy that powers the Earth system? A) the Sun B) heat from Earth's interior C) both A and B D) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 59) Which of the following is not a system? A) the biosphere B) soil, plants, rock, soil organisms, and animals C) the study of minerals D) the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of North America Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 60) A mineralogist studies minerals and their origins. A mineralogist studying the Earth system would ________. A) do the same thing, studying minerals and their origins, as any other mineralogist B) study how minerals form rocks C) study how minerals influence organisms living on them, how they react with water to produce soil forming minerals, or study how wind transports minerals as dust and influences climate D) Minerals can never be used to study the Earth system. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. 61) hypothesis theory fact observation Answer: fact Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 62) protosun Oort cloud planetesimals meteorites Answer: Oort cloud Diff: 2 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 63) hydrosphere biosphere atmosphere solid earth Answer: biosphere Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 64) crust mantle lithosphere core Answer: lithosphere Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 65) mountain belt shield continental interior stable platform Answer: mountain belt Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 66) abyssal plain seamount oceanic ridge continental crust Answer: continental crust Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze 67) The vast majority of Earth scientists are involved in either extraction of mineral resources or energy. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 68) Earth Science is the only science that doesn't use mathematics beyond simple arithmetic. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 69) Environmental science always involves a large component of Earth Science. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 70) Science is based on the assumption that nature behaves in a consistent and predictable manner. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 71) Scientists only use measurements that are known to be reliable and accurate. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 72) A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific observations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 73) A scientific theory is the first step in developing an idea. It is not very well tested. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 74) Not all scientific hypotheses require real world observations. Some are tested through computer modeling or some other non-direct observations. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 75) The "Big Bang" is an example of theory. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 and 1.3: Nature of Scientific Inquiry and Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 76) The formation of the solar system from a huge cloud of gases and dispersed particles is known as the solar galactic hypothesis. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 77) According to the nebular theory, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a rotating cloud of gases and dust about five billion years ago. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.3 Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 78) There are places on the deepest parts of the ocean where no light penetrates that support colonies of life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 79) Oceans cover slightly less than half of the earth's surface. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 80) The lithosphere and asthenosphere are layers of Earth defined by their composition. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 81) We can tell a lot about the internal processes in the earth by looking at the exterior of the earth. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 82) The earth is sometimes called "The Blue Planet" because the atmosphere appears blue in sunlight. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 83) Internally, the earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 84) The asthenosphere is the liquid layer in the upper mantle that the plates move on. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 85) Lithospheric plates are the tops of convection cells and subduction zones are the downgoing part of the convection cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 86) The earth's core is entirely molten iron and convection of this molten mass generates the earth's magnetic field. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 87) Subduction zones are downgoing convection cells in the earth but only carry oceanic material into the mantle. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 88) During the history of the earth there have been periods when all the continents were together in a supercontinent. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 89) Internally, the earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Understand 90) The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 91) Continents are, on average, about 2 km higher than sea level. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 92) The waterline where the ocean meets the land is the boundary between oceanic crust and continental crust. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 93) Shields and stable platforms are typically found in the interior regions of a continent. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 94) Humans are not a part of the Earth System. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 95) In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 96) List the two broad, traditional subject areas of geologic study. Answer: physical geology and historical geology Diff: 1 Topic: 1.1 What Is Earth Science Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 97) When a hypothesis has survived extensive scrutiny and when competing ones have been eliminated, a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a(n) ________. Answer: scientific theory Diff: 1 Topic: 1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 98) The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the ________. Answer: crust Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 99) The ________ is the relatively rigid zone above the asthenosphere that includes the crust and upper mantle. Answer: lithosphere Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 100) The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core. Answer: mantle Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 101) The convective flow of liquid, metallic iron in the ________ is thought to generate Earth's magnetic field. Answer: outer core Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 102) Moving from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean basin, the continental margin includes the ________. Answer: continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 103) The ________ is the most prominent feature on the ocean floor. Answer: oceanic or mid-ocean ridge Diff: 1 Topic: 1.6 The Face of Earth Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember 104) In natural systems, mechanisms that drive or enhance change are called ________. Answer: positive feedback mechanisms Diff: 1 Topic: 1.7 Earth as a System Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Remember Critical Thinking and Discussion. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 1 to answer the questions below. 105) Earth's physical environment is traditionally divided in the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the solid Earth. Remembering the scientific method, why do you think that scientists tend to categorize and classify various features, phenomena, and characteristics of the natural world into groups or subdivisions? Also, are there potential pitfalls or problems if we only consider the natural world as individual groups or categories rather than as a whole? Answer: Categorizing and classifying is a way of cataloging the differences and similarities between things. We put items that are mostly similar into the same broad groups and separate items that are mostly different. From this system, we can begin to study why things are similar and what is the significance of the differences and that helps us to get to the basic processes that are of scientific interest. The pitfalls or problems are that we may not recognize similarities in objects that have been classified as different and vice versa. Also, we are likely to miss the interactions between different groups and the processes that cause those interactions when we focus on classifying things. Diff: 3 Topic: 1.4 Earth's Spheres Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 Analyze / 6 Evaluate 106) What is the relationship of the dense oceanic crust that is produced at a divergent plate boundary to the convergence or collision of an oceanic plate and a continental plate, such as the western margin of South America in the diagram below? Answer: The dense oceanic crust sinks underneath the more buoyant continental crust at this type of convergent plate boundary. Diff: 1 Topic: 1.5 A Closer Look at the Geosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Apply 1 Copyright © 2015 Education, Inc.