Criminal Justice Today.docx

Criminal Justice Today MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of the criminal justice system? a. to control crime b. to prevent crime c. to provide and maintain justice d. to create laws regarding punishments for crime ANS: D 2. The newest variation on crime that is directly related to the increased presence of computers in everyday life is called: a. high-tech crime b. white-collar crime c. organized crime d. public order crimes ANS: A 3. The United States has a __________ court system. a. single b. dual c. constitutional d. judicial ANS: B REF: 12 4. __________ is the most common correctional treatment that also allows the offender to return to the community and still remain under supervision. a. Jail b. Probation c. Prison d. Work ethic camp ANS: B REF: 13 5. The __________ model of criminal justice explains how different cases receive different treatment according to their priority in the criminal justice system. a. crime control b. wedding-cake c. due process d. correctional ANS: B REF: 15 6. What layer of the “wedding-cake” model focuses on misdemeanors? a. top layer b. second layer c. third layer d. bottom layer ANS: D REF: 15 7. Rising crime rates in the 1970s and 1980s led to: a. a get tough on crime attitude b. a decrease in prison admissions c. a decrease in arrests d. the creation of a Department of Homeland Security ANS: A REF: 19 8. __________ law enforcement officials have national jurisdiction over crime in the United States. a. Local b. County c. State d. Federal ANS: D REF: 12 9. __________ means that government powers are shared by the national government and states. a. Democracy b. Constitutionalism c. Federalism d. Localism ANS: C REF: 10 10. The majority of individuals are employed in law enforcement at the __________ level? a. local b. state c. federal d. national ANS: A REF: 10-11 11. Organized crime is defined as: a. behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared values, customs and norms. illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services. c. nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage. d. the interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws. ANS: B REF: 9 12. Principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society are called: a. deviance b. discretion c. morals d. tenets ANS: C REF: 5 13. Public order crime is defined as: a. behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared values, customs and norms. b. illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services. c. nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage. d. the interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws. ANS: A REF: 8 14. Crimes that appear to harm only the offender are often called _______________. a. victimless crimes b. status offenses c. deviant behavior d. discretionary offenses ANS: A REF: 8 15. Which model assumes that a diverse group of people can have similar morals; that is, they share an ideal of what is “right” and “wrong”? a. crime control model b. due process model c. conflict model d. consensus model ANS: D REF: 5 16. In the 1970s and 1980s which model of criminal justice prevailed? a. due process b. crime control c. consensus d. wedding-cake model ANS: B REF: 17 17. The authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action is called: a. discretion b. authority c. deviance d. federalism ANS: A REF: 14 18. The result of the use of discretion by those who work in the criminal justice system leads to the development of the__________ criminal justice process. a. formal b. informal c. consensus d. conflict ANS: B REF: 14 19. Which of the following is one of the main reasons the use of community-based corrections has increased? a. the increase in offenders on parole b. decreasing numbers of offenders in prisons c. large increases in funding for community-based correction d. overcrowding in correctional facilities ANS: D REF: 13 20. In a state court, which of the following facilities would house an offender convicted of sexual assault a. federal penitentiary b. jail c. prison d. halfway house ANS: C REF: 13 21. What model of criminal justice places a priority on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government? a. crime control model b. due process model c. wedding-cake model d. conflict model ANS: B REF: 17 22. The due process model is likened to which of the following? a. obstacle course b. battery c. assembly line d. blender ANS: A REF: 17 23. The crime control model assumes which of the following? a. The criminal justice system strives to make it more difficult to prove guilt. b. It is more desirable for society that ninety-nine guilty suspects go free than that a single innocent person be condemned. Absolute efficiency can be realized only if the power of the state is absolute. Police are in a better position than the courts to determine the guilt of an arrested suspect. ANS: D REF: 17 24. Using force or violence to achieve political objectives is called __________. a. terrorism b. hate crimes c. organized crime d. larceny ANS: A REF: 19 25. In corrections, which level of law enforcement makes up the largest number of employees? a. local b. state c. federal d. municipal ANS: B REF: 11 TRUE/FALSE 1. The smallest and top tier of the “wedding-cake” model of criminal justice focuses on high profile cases. ANS: T REF: 15 2. The prison population in the United States has been decreasing since 1985. ANS: F REF: 19 3. Deviance is always an act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions. ANS: F REF: 6 4. The majority of those inmates released from incarceration will not have contact with the correctional system again. ANS: F REF: 13 5. The due process model is a model of criminal justice that places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals. ANS: F REF: 17 6. Nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage are called high-tech crimes. ANS: F REF: 9 7. Federal employees make up the majority of employees in law enforcement in the United States. ANS: F REF: 12 8. Sometimes a constituent consensus forces the government to move more quickly due to public pressure on a crime issue. ANS: T REF: 5 9. The crime control model is a criminal justice model that places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government. ANS: F REF: 17 10. The federal agency with the primary responsibility for combating white-collar crime, organized crime, and cyber crime is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. ANS: T REF: 8-9 COMPLETION 1. According to the consensus model, society _______ ________ to control and prevent deviant behavior, thereby setting the boundaries for acceptable behavior within the group. ANS: passes laws REF: 5 2. __________ is a threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm. ANS: Assault REF: 7 3. __________ is the act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm. ANS: Battery REF: 7 4. __________ is the act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation. ANS: Robbery REF: 7 5. __________ is the act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property. ANS: Larceny REF: 7 6. Nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage are called __________. ANS: white-collar crime REF: 8 7. Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services are called __________ __________. ANS: organized crime REF: 8 8. Professor Herbert Packard compared the idealized criminal justice model to an __________ __________, down which moves an endless stream of cases, never stopping, carrying the cases to workers who stand at fixed stations and who perform on each case as it moves past. ANS: assembly line REF: 14 9. __________ is a police officer’s authority to choose between and among alternative courses of actions. ANS: discretion REF: 14 10. The __________ gives the government in the United States certain powers, such as the right to coin money, create an army, and regulate interstate commerce ANS: Constitution REF: 10 ESSAY 1. Explain the “wedding-cake” model of criminal justice and how this model may be used to explain the criminal justice system. ANS: The top layer (level I) consists of a handful of “celebrated” cases that attract the most attention and publicity. The second layer (level II) consists of “high-profile” felonies such as murder, rape, or burglary. These types of felonies are considered high profile because they draw a certain amount of public attention, and thus it puts pressure on prosecutors to bring the case to trial instead of plea bargaining. The third layer (level III) consists of less serious or “ordinary” felonies which include less violent crimes such as burglaries, theft, or even robberies where no weapon is used. Due to the less violent nature of these crimes, they are less likely to receive the full formal process of a trial. The final layer (level IV) consists of misdemeanors, or less serious and petty crimes. The cases on the top level most resemble our ideal standards of criminal justice, and the further we move down the levels of “cake” the more informal these processes become. This gives less of an appearance of “justice” and more of an appearance of “speed.” REF: 15-16 2. Explain the differences between the Consensus Model and the Conflict Model of criminal justice ANS: The consensus model is a criminal justice model in which the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs. The conflict model is a criminal justice model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community. REF: 5 LO: 1 3. Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice process. ANS: In the formal criminal justice model, the process is much like an assembly line. Each step of the process involves a series of routinized operations whose success is gauged primarily by their tendency to pass the case along to a successful conclusion On the other hand, the informal criminal justice process, each step in the process is the result of decisions that must be made by those who work in the criminal justice system. In the informal criminal justice system there is much discretion involved in the processing of cases, it is not as routinized as the formal criminal justice model would have us believe. REF: 14 LO: 4 4. Explain the three different purposes of the criminal justice system. ANS: To control crime – arresting, prosecuting, and punishing wrongdoers To prevent crime – in the process, the system also hopes to prevent new crimes from occurring through deterrence To provide and maintain justice – Above all, we want our laws and the means by which they are carried out to be fair REF: 9 5. Explain the difference between deviance and crime. ANS: Deviance is behavior that does not conform to the norms of a given community or society. It is a very subjective concept, in that some segments of society may think that some acceptable behaviors are really deviant behaviors. Deviant acts become crimes only when society as a whole, through its legislatures, determines that those acts should be punished. REF: 6