...Epithelium Stratified Epithelium Cells Cuboidal Columnar Squamous...
...Pepsin Pepsinogen Chief Cells Mucous Ulcers Mechanical...
...Elements Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes Hemoglobin White...
...Hemoglobin White Blood Cells Leukocytes Platelets Stem...
...Leukocytes Platelets Stem Cells Pluripotent Bone Marrow...
...Defense White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Phagocytosis Phagocytic...
...(Leukocytes) Phagocytosis Phagocytic Cells Neutrophils Chemotaxis Monocytes...
...Natural Killer (NK) Cells Inflammatory Response Histamine...
...Histamine Basophils Mast Cells Chemokines Figure 43.5...
...B Lymphocytes (B Cells) T Lymphocytes (T...
...T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Antigen Antibodies Antigen...
...Cell Receptors Effector Cells Memory Cells Clonal...
...Effector Cells Memory Cells Clonal Selection Primary...
...Immune Response Plasma Cells Secondary Immune Response...
...Presentation Cytotoxic T Cells (TC) Helper T...
...(TC) Helper T Cells (TH) Antigen-Presenting Cells...
...Cells (TH) Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) Immune Responses...
...(IL-1) Cytotoxic T Cells CD8 Perforin Tumor...
...ANIMALS Hormone Target Cells An Introduction to...
...Endocrine Glands Neurosecretory Cells Figure 45.1 page...
...of Langerhans Alpha Cells Glucagon Beta Cells...
...Cells Glucagon Beta Cells Insulin Figure 45.10...
...Seminiferous Tubules Leydig Cells Scrotum Epididymis Ejaculation...
...Motor Output Effector Cells Nerves Peripheral Nervous...
...Nerve Circuits Supporting Cells (Glia) Astrocytes Blood-Brain...
...Barrier Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Figure 48.5 page...
...Nerve Impulses Excitable Cells Gated Ion Channels...
...Development Neural Stem Cells CHAPTER 49: SENSORY...
...1065 Accomodation Rod Cells Cone Cells Fovea...
...Rod Cells Cone Cells Fovea Light-Absorbing Pigment...
...Opsin Rhodopsin Bipolar Cells Figure 49.13 page...
...Visual Information Bipolar Cells Ganglion Cells Figure...
...Bipolar Cells Ganglion Cells Figure 49.15 page...
...page 1068 Horizontal Cells Amacrine Cells Lateral...
...Horizontal Cells Amacrine Cells Lateral Inhibition Optic...

...histological changes in tissues/cells - physiological specializations...
...- palisade mesophyll cells – pillar-shaped –...
...- spongy mesophyll cells – irregular-shaped –...
...blades (involves bulliform cells) leaf modifications -...
...blades (involves bulliform cells) under drought conditions...
...conditions – bulliform cells lose turgor and...
...walls of storage cells are reinforced to...
...with water availability cells, tissues and organs...
...composed of parenchyma cells with large intercellular...
...chloroplasts in epidermal cells 2. Leaf Adaptations...
...diffusion across leaf cells (no need for...
...chloroplasts in epidermal cells to increase light...
...leaves roll/fold epidermal cells have chloroplasts anatomical...
...characteristics of xylem cells 35 © 2009...
...abundance/characteristics of xylem cells linked to climate...
...– in parenchyma cells of ground tissue...
...dry soils so cells interior to the...
...suberized layer of cells under the epidermis...

...cell types Secretory cells Absorptive cells Muscle...
...Secretory cells Absorptive cells Muscle cells Neurons...
...Absorptive cells Muscle cells Neurons Egestion –...
...maintain and build cells. Vitamins and Minerals...
...or within host cells Nutrient Transport Across...
...absorbed by epithelial cells in the intestine...
...diffusion Intestinal absorptive cells (enterocytes) Proteins Extracellular...
...absorbed into epithelial cells by amino acid-Na+...
...also carried into cells intact via endocytosis/exocytosis...
...taken up by cells lining the gut...
...secretory and absorptive cells Muscular valves (sphincters)...
...of columnar epithelial cells Tight junctions Prevent...
...epithelium Mucous neck cells Secrete mucus Parietal...
...Secrete mucus Parietal cells Secrete hydrochloric acid...
...acid (HCl) Chief cells Secrete the protease...
...protease pepsin Enteroendrocrine cells Secrete hormones into...
...smooth muscle Mucosal cells Enterocytes Absorptive cells...
...cells Enterocytes Absorptive cells with microvilli Goblet...
...with microvilli Goblet cells Secrete mucus Enteroendocrine...
...Secrete mucus Enteroendocrine cells Secrete hormones Paneth...
...Secrete hormones Paneth cells Secrete antimicrobial molecules...
...activity and interstitial cells of Cajal that...
...act as pacemaker cells Resting muscle tone...
...nutrients Insulin from ?-cells of the pancreas...
...fat Glucagon from ?-cells of the pancreas...

...combination Cell Volume Cells transport solutes in...
...of membrane transporters Cells interconnected to form...
...Solute Movement Epithelial cells use two main...
...transport Movement between cells “Leaky” vs. “tight”...
...Electroneutral exchangers Epithelial Cells in Fish Gills...
...of Mitochondria-rich chloride cells (PNA+) Pavement cells...
...cells (PNA+) Pavement cells Some mitochondria-rich (PNA-)...
...out by mitochondria-rich cells Ion Transport by...
...glomerular wall Blood cells and large macromolecules...
...filtration structure Mesangial cells control blood pressure...
...apparatus Macula densa cells in distal tubule...
...tubule Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in afferent arteriole...
...in tetrapods Targets cells in distal tubule...
...(RAA) Pathway Juxtaglomerular cells secrete enzyme renin...
...Baroreceptors in JG cells release renin in...
...bp Macula densa cells in distal tubule...
...that induces JG cells to release renin...
...Produced in specialized cells within the atria...

...than a few cells have circulatory systems...
...waste products, immune cells, and signaling molecules...
...Flagella or ciliated cells move water within...
...nutrients to body cells Very early began...
...lining) Smooth, epithelial cells (vascular endothelium) Tunica...
...tunica externa Continuous Cells held together by...
...and muscle Fenestrated Cells contain pores Specialized...
...of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) Endocardium Innermost...
...covered by epithelial cells (called endothelium) Myocardium...
...Compact Tightly packed cells Regular pattern Highly...
...Spongy Loosely connected cells Some not vascularized...
...resting membrane potential Cells with fastest intrinsic...
...(SA) node Pacemaker Cells Derived from cardiomyocytes...
...Characteristics of pacemaker cells Small with few...
...channels open Pacemaker cells hyperpolarize Time for...
...Some smooth muscle cells sensitive to stretch...
...Intrinsic Smooth muscle cells in arterioles are...
...organic solutes Blood cells (hemocytes) Dissolved proteins...
...Blood Proteins Blood Cells (Hemocytes) Functions Oxygen...
...development Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Most abundant...
...(Erythrocytes) Most abundant cells in blood of...
...Erythrocytes Other blood cells and clotting cells...
...cells and clotting cells Hematocrit – Fraction...
...8.45 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Function in...
...thrombocytes are spindle-shaped cells and classified as...
...Location of stem cells Adult mammals Only...
...differentiation of stem cells into erythrocytes Circulatory...

...Range from single cells to complex sense...
...nasal cavity Receptor cells are ciliated bipolar...
...System Taste receptor cells differ from odorant...
...from odorant receptor cells Epithelial cells release...
...receptor cells Epithelial cells release neurotransmitter Express...
...of taste receptor cells Clustered in groups...
...organisms (and most cells) sense and respond...
...as isolated sensory cells Free nerves endings...
...and complex accessory cells (scolopale) Can be...
...mechanoreceptors Vertebrate Hair Cells Figure 6.17 Mechanoreceptor...
...balance Modified epithelial cells Cilia on apical...
...Transduction in Hair Cells Can detect movement,...
...Contains mechanoreceptors (hair cells) Equilibrium – Inner...
...for hearing Hair cells present in vestibular...
...Stereocilia of hair cells embedded in matrix...
...matrix >100,000 hair cells Detect linear acceleration...
...Stereocilia of hair cells embedded in matrix...
...sound transduction Hair cells on basilar membrane...
...rows of hair cells Inner hair cells...
...cells Inner hair cells detect sound Outer...
...sound Outer hair cells amplify sounds Stereocilia...
...the inner hair cells bend Opening stretch-sensitive...
...ion channels Hair cells depolarize (K+ in)...
...(K+ in) Hair cells release neurotransmitter (glutamate)...
...of inner hair cells ?AP frequency Outer...
...frequency Outer hair cells amplify quiet sounds...
...to inner hair cells Photoreception Figure 6.27...
...from single light-sensitive cells to complex, image-forming...
...types of photoreceptor cells: Ciliary photoreceptors Have...
...synapses with other cells Characteristics of Rods...
...The Eye Eyespots Cells or regions of...
...lens Rhabdomeric Photoreceptive cells The Vertebrate Vesicular...
...face backwards Other cells are in front...
...and cones Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal...
...Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, amacrine...
...ganglion cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells Axons...
...horizontal cells, amacrine cells Axons of ganglion...
...Axons of ganglion cells join together to...
...bipolar and ganglion cells are pushed to...
...? many bipolar cells synapse with a...
...fields of ganglion cells improve their ability...
...field of ganglion cells improve contrast of...
...field “On-center” ganglion cells Stimulated by light...
...field “Off-center” ganglion cells Stimulated by dark...

...of sensory receptor cells, thereby regulating the...
...stimulus by sensory cells. Most sensory cells...
...cells. Most sensory cells are specialized neurons...
...neurons or epithelial cells that exist singly...
...ears. All sensory cells and organs, as...
...structures within sensory cells that respond to...
...in stretch receptor cells open ion channels...
...(CNS). Sensory receptor cells, such as the...
...Other sensory receptor cells release neurotransmitters at...
...in sensory receptor cells often requires signal...
...or cold. Distinct cells and receptors may...
...that reach different cells in the brain,...
...understand how sensory cells detect temperature. Hot...
...of ciliated receptor cells surrounding a chamber...
...membrane, stimulating receptor cells attached to the...
...that are hair cells, a type of...
...reach the hair cells, they are amplified...
...and attached hair cells to vibrate up...
...above the hair cells bend first in...
...in the hair cells respond to the...
...direction depolarizes hair cells, increasing neurotransmitter release...
...hyperpolarizes the hair cells, reducing neurotransmitter release...
...on the hair cells, and more action...
...sheet of hair cells that project into...
...canal, the hair cells form a single...
...and stimulating hair cells. The fish’s air-filled...
...cluster of hair cells, whose hairs are...
...depolarizing the hair cells and producing action...
...antennae. Mammalian receptor cells for taste are...
...are modified epithelial cells organized into taste...
...tastes. Olfactory receptor cells line the upper...
...gustation, the sensory cells are neurons. In...
...mammals, olfactory receptor cells line the upper...
...ends of the cells contain cilia that...
...AMP. In olfactory cells, cyclic AMP opens...
...single OR gene. Cells with different odorant...
...simple clusters of cells that detect only...
...of darkly pigmented cells that block light....
...opening without pigmented cells. Because the opening...
...subclasses of cone cells, each with its...
...neurons called bipolar cells. In the dark,...
...depolarizes some bipolar cells and hyperpolarizes others,...
...response, the bipolar cells that are depolarized...
...the retina: ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and...
...ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells....
...cells, and amacrine cells. Bipolar cells synapse...
...amacrine cells. Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion...
...synapse with ganglion cells and transmit action...
...optic nerve. Horizontal cells and amacrine cells...
...cells and amacrine cells help integrate the...
...photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells....
...cells to ganglion cells. In other cases,...
...other cases, horizontal cells carry signals from...
...to several bipolar cells. Amacrine cells also...
...bipolar cells. Amacrine cells also distribute information...
...to several ganglion cells. When an illuminated...
...photoreceptors and bipolar cells that are not...
...of the amacrine cells with the ganglion...
...with the ganglion cells and occurs at...
...retina. The ganglion cells of the fovea...
...in retinal ganglion cells. Inactivation of the...
...of many embryonic cells. A muscle fiber...
...cytosol of muscle cells with which they...
...properties. Cardiac muscle cells can generate their...
...adjacent cardiac muscle cells interlock at specialized...
...coupling between the cells. The action potential...
...other cardiac muscle cells, causing the whole...
...Some smooth muscle cells contract only when...
...activity. Invertebrate muscle cells are similar to...
...and smooth muscle cells. The flight muscles...
...and using contractile cells in the body...

...interconnect these brain cells are enormously complex....
...for communication between cells of the body....
...neurons and supporting cells. In most animals...
...of interconnected nerve cells form a diffuse...
...of multiple nerve cells may be bundled...
...small number of cells. In the nematode...
...spinal cord. Ependymal cells line the ventricles...
...Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells function in axon...
...development, astrocytes induce cells that line the...
...act as stem cells, generating neurons and...
...glands, and endocrine cells along efferent PNS...
...clock. Specialized nerve cells within the hypothalamus...
...flat sheets of cells in six layers,...
...excite skeletal muscle cells. In both the...
...by target tissues. Cells that don't reach...
...the network of cells and connections within...
...control. Neural stem cells may offer a...
...and thus marks cells that grow and...
...but also any cells in the brain...
...presence of stem cells, which retain the...
...progeny of stem cells remain undifferentiated, others...
...differentiate into specialized cells. In the brain,...
...brain, the stem cells are called neural...
...called neural progenitor cells and are committed...
...own neural progenitor cells to differentiate into...
...cultured neural progenitor cells into a damaged...

...Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information...
...transfer information between cells, neurons use a...
...neurons and supporting cells. In general, there...
...signals to muscle cells, causing them to...
...neurons or effector cells. The axon joins...
...has with other cells, its shape can...
...Glia are supporting cells that are essential...
...a neuron. All cells have a voltage...
...CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS....
...communicate with other cells at synapses. When...
...effect on postsynaptic cells. Some neurotransmitters simply...
...different types of cells. There are more...
...effects on postsynaptic cells. For this reason,...
...synapse with muscle cells release acetylcholine as...
...which cardiac muscle cells contract. Biogenic amines...
...response, smooth muscle cells in the blood...
...into neighboring target cells, produces a change,...
...including smooth muscle cells, NO stimulates an...
...intestinal smooth muscle cells. Lecture Outline for...

...divides, early embryonic cells become different due...
...signals from neighboring cells. These differences set...
...cell sends the cells on unique paths...
...shape and differentiated cells occupy their appropriate...
...hollow ball of cells, the blastula, from...
...surrounded by follicle cells released with the...
...layer of follicle cells before it reaches...
...the two daughter cells, do the chromosomes...
...into many smaller cells. A succession of...
...During this period, cells go through the...
...into many smaller cells called blastomeres, each...
...a cluster of cells, within which a...
...hollow ball of cells. During cleavage, different...
...expression in the cells that inherit them,...
...tiers of four cells. The unequal division...
...of the dividing cells in equatorial divisions....
...way through the cells, a pattern called...
...a cap of cells that rest on...
...layer of 6,000 cells surrounding a mass...
...adhesion to other cells and to molecules...
...is that some cells at or near...
...developed gastrula allows cells to interact with...
...pole, where individual cells detach from the...
...as migratory mesenchyme cells. The remaining cells...
...cells. The remaining cells flatten to form...
...rearrangement of its cells, transforming the shallow...
...a group of cells begins to invaginate,...
...crease as new cells push inward. Finally,...
...the embryo, these cells move away from...
...gastrulation: It involves cells moving from the...
...inward movement of cells is affected by...
...mass. All the cells that will form...
...gastrulation, some epiblast cells move toward the...
...the yolk. These cells produce a thickening...
...the inward-moving epiblast cells displace hypoblast cells...
...cells displace hypoblast cells and form the...
...endoderm. Other epiblast cells move laterally into...
...mesoderm. The epiblast cells that remain on...
...streak. Some hypoblast cells later form portions...
...clustering (condensation) of cells. The first organs...
...a band of cells called the neural...
...ectoderm. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the...
...the notochord. Mesenchyme cells migrate from the...
...locations. Some mesenchyme cells gather around the...
...vertebral disks. Somite cells also form the...
...system (except germ cells), the dermis of...
...a sheet of cells derived from two...
...gas exchange. The cells of the yolk...
...more than 100 cells arranged around a...
...a group of cells called the inner...
...It is the cells of the very...
...upper layer of cells, the epiblast, and...
...completed, gastrulation begins. Cells move inward from...
...invading trophoblast, mesodermal cells derived from the...
...formation of blood cells, which later migrate...
...arise when embryonic cells become separated. The...
...two groups of cells become separated even...
...Consider how the cells of the neural...
...to lengthen the cells in that direction....
...contract, giving the cells a wedge shape...
...drives cell migration. Cells “crawl” within the...
...of migrating embryonic cells are usually flat...
...the wedging of cells from the surface...
...the movement of cells deeper into the...
...of filopodia by cells at the leading...
...migrating tissue. The cells that first move...
...a sheet of cells. This involuted sheet...
...involuted sheet of cells forms the endoderm...
...the embryo. Many cells migrate individually, as...
...as when the cells of a somite...
...embryo as individual cells during gastrulation. Cell...
...in which the cells of a tissue...
...the embryo, the cells become elongated, with...
...fewer columns of cells. Convergent extension allows...
...CAMs on other cells. CAMs vary in...
...tight adhesion of cells in the mammalian...
...helps to guide cells in many types...
...migration of individual cells or shape changes...
...sheets. On the cells that undergo movement,...
...tracks, directing migrating cells along particular routes....
...in certain directions. Cells along migration pathways...
...movement of other cells, depending on the...
...anchorage for crawling cells. Fibronectin provides anchorage...
...of the embryo, cells at the free...
...the attachment of cells to fibronectin (and...
...receptors. As migrating cells move along specific...
...developmental fate of cells depends on their...
...timely differentiation of cells in specific locations....
...mechanism must send cells down different pathways...
...cleavage divisions, embryonic cells must somehow become...
...cytoplasmic composition of cells help specify body...
...developmental fate of cells. In amniotes, local...
...differences between embryonic cells. For example, the...
...For example, the cells of the inner...
...embryo, whereas trophoblast cells are on the...
...fate of these cells. Second, once initial...
...among the embryonic cells influence their fate,...
...cell-surface interactions between cells in contact. Fate...
...developmental history of cells. In classic experiments...
...the lineage of cells making up the...
...is traceable to cells in the blastula,...
...in which particular cells or groups of...
...or groups of cells were destroyed by...
...few types of cells, and grows from...
...exactly 959 somatic cells, which arise from...
...certain early “founder cells” that contain unique...
...potential of embryonic cells becomes increasingly restricted....
...fate of embryonic cells is affected by...
...developmental potential. The cells of the mammalian...
...the very early cells (even the first...
...some species, the cells of the early...
...If transplanted, the cells respond to their...
...tissue-specific fates of cells in the late...
...experimentally, late gastrula cells give rise to...
...same type of cells they would have...
...cell division creates cells that are different...
...one another, the cells begin to influence...
...make the receiving cells differentiate into a...
...BMP-4 induces those cells to form ventral...
...ventral structures. Organizer cells inactivate BMP-4 on...
...the fate of cells. In late gastrula...
...the frog, ectoderm cells destined to form...
...mesodermal, and endodermal cells. Inductive signals play...
...limb buds. The cells of these regions...
...to the other cells of the bud....
...this axis. The cells of the AER...
...of the limb. Cells nearest the ZPA...
...our little finger); cells farthest from the...
...indicating “posterior.” The cells of the ZPA...
...Sonic hedgehog. If cells genetically engineered to...
...pattern formation requires cells to receive and...
...environmental cues tell cells where they are...
...a hindlimb? The cells that receive signals...
...different types of cells to influence each...
...these genes direct cells to differentiate into...