...THE GENETICS OF VIRUSES AND BACTERIA Introduction...
...AND BACTERIA Introduction Viruses and bacteria are...
...transcription, and translation. Viruses and bacteria also...
...plants and animals. Viruses are smaller and...
...in cells. Most viruses are little more...
...The Genetics of Viruses 1. Researchers discovered...
...1. Researchers discovered viruses by studying a...
...story of how viruses were discovered begins...
...discovery that some viruses could be crystallized...
...regular crystals. However, viruses are not cells....
...a membranous envelope. Viruses range in size...
...The genome of viruses includes other options...
...acid. The smallest viruses have only four...
...an icosahedron. Some viruses have viral envelopes,...
...are found in viruses that infect bacteria,...
...DNA inside. 3. Viruses can reproduce only...
...cell: an overview Viruses are obligate intracellular...
...an appropriate host. Viruses lack the enzymes...
...its host range. Viruses identify host cells...
...host’s surface. Some viruses (like the rabies...
...single species. Most viruses of eukaryotes attack...
...tissues. Human cold viruses infect only the...
...understood of all viruses, some of them...
...some double-stranded DNA viruses can reproduce by...
...phage. 5. Animal viruses are diverse in...
...represented among animal viruses. One key variable...
...a membranous envelope. Viruses equipped with an...
...glycoproteins. These enveloped viruses do not necessarily...
...host cell. Some viruses have envelopes that...
...These double-stranded DNA viruses reproduce within the...
...viral production. The viruses that use RNA...
...genome RNA. All viruses that require RNA...
...often obscure. Some viruses damage or kill...
...from lysosomes. Some viruses cause the infected...
...against many other viruses exist. Vaccines can...
...are powerless against viruses, which have few...
...do combat some viruses, mostly by interfering...
...very dangerous “emergent viruses” have risen to...
...spread of existing viruses from one species...
...Mutation of existing viruses is a major...
...viral diseases. RNA viruses tend to have...
...spread of existing viruses from one host...
...scourge. These emerging viruses are generally not...
...they are existing viruses that expand their...
...recognized that some viruses cause animal cancers....
...cancers. These tumor viruses include retrovirus, papovavirus,...
...and herpesvirus types. Viruses appear to cause...
...Burkitt’s lymphoma. Papilloma viruses are associated with...
...leukemia. All tumor viruses transform cells into...
...into host DNA. Viruses may carry oncogenes...
...that most tumor viruses cause cancer only...
...events. 6. Plant viruses are serious agricultural...
...agricultural pests Plant viruses can stunt plant...
...Most are RNA viruses with rod-shaped capsids...
...often carriers of viruses, transmitting disease from...
...even simpler than viruses Viroids, smaller and...
...simpler than even viruses, consist of tiny...
...their numbers. 8. Viruses may have evolved...
...mobile genetic elements Viruses are in the...
...of life. Although viruses are obligate intracellular...
...living world. Because viruses depend on cells...
...the hypothesis that viruses originated from fragments...
...with those of viruses infecting other hosts....
...Perhaps the earliest viruses were naked bits...
...cell’s chromosome. Temperate viruses also qualify as...

...bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Most...
...nonliving proteins) B) viruses (which are not...
...no cells) and viruses (made of many...
...protozoa B) how viruses cause disease and...
...D 1.5 17. Viruses were initially identified...
...1.5 18. Because viruses could not be...
...propagating and analyzing viruses. All of the...
...and protein B) viruses were first observed...
...material of some viruses is DNA Ans:...
...Soviet Union B) viruses that attack and...
...microbes except A) viruses B) bacteria C)...
...A) bacteria B) viruses C) plants D)...
...C) fungi D) viruses Ans: C 1.2...
...discovery; research on viruses was fruitful B)...
...were excited about viruses Ans: C 1.6...

...all cells. B) viruses. C) prokaryotic cells....
...Archaea . D) viruses. 6) Organisms most...
...Archaea . C) viruses. D) Bacteria ....
...B) eukaryotes. C) viruses. D) Archaea ....
...related to the viruses. B) all prokaryotic...
...______ __ 46) Viruses neces sarily cause...
...and differences between viruses and true cells....
...emphasized is how viruses depend on a...

...8.5 Explain how viruses are nonliving parasites,...
...examples of how viruses (including HIV) and...
...production of new viruses. a. Viral DNA...
...bursts, releasing new viruses. i. Bacteriophage with...
...of Homo 8.9 Viruses are nonliving parasites....
...• CORE IDEA: Viruses are nonliving parasites...
...copies of themselves. Viruses can infect humans,...
...do not consider viruses to be alive....
...alive. 1. Both viruses and living organisms...
...to make more viruses. B. Virus structure...
...(or phage) are viruses that infect bacteria....
...assemble into new viruses. c. The viruses...
...viruses. c. The viruses burst (lyse) out...
...A gallery of viruses 1. Influenza virus...
...Like many animal viruses, it has an...
...family of DNA viruses that cause chicken...
...HIV. i. New viruses bud outward, taking...
...envelope. E. Emerging viruses 1. An emerging...
...mutations of older viruses. 3. Some expand...
...even smaller than viruses. • CORE IDEA:...
...not alive. a. Viruses are not alive....
...evolution. Colony 8.9 Viruses are nonliving parasites....
...even smaller than viruses. Pathogen Prion Viroid...
...most recent. 8.9 Viruses are nonliving parasites....
...products that “kill” viruses. It may be...
...of semantics, but viruses can’t be killed...
...work (or how viruses work). It’s not...
...even smaller than viruses. ? If viruses...
...viruses. ? If viruses are hard to...
...x DNA Involves viruses x Involves a...
...the description. 8.9 Viruses are nonliving parasites....
...a list of viruses. They can look...
...list of emerging viruses. Ask students to...
...even smaller than viruses. ? Students may...

... Chapter 19 Viruses Lecture Outline Overview:...
...A Borrowed Life Viruses are the simplest...
...biological systems. Most viruses are little more...
...protein coat. Are viruses living or nonliving?...
...living or nonliving? Viruses cannot reproduce or...
...probably agree that viruses are not alive...
...of microbiologists studying viruses that infect bacteria....
...bacteria. Experiments with viruses provided key evidence...
...of nucleic acids. Viruses were critical in...
...transcription, and translation. Viruses have unique genetic...
...The study of viruses has led to...
...organism to another. Viruses are used as...
...coat. Researchers discovered viruses by studying a...
...story of how viruses were discovered begins...
...discovery that some viruses can be crystallized...
...into regular crystals. Viruses are not cells,...
...envelope. The tiniest viruses are only 20...
...The genome of viruses may consist of...
...acid. The smallest viruses have only four...
...a helix. Rod-shaped viruses are commonly called...
...commonly called helical viruses. Adenoviruses have 252...
...facets—an icosahedron. These viruses are called icosahedral...
...are called icosahedral viruses. Some viruses have...
...icosahedral viruses. Some viruses have accessory structures...
...capsids of flu viruses. These viral envelopes...
...viral origin. Some viruses carry a few...
...are found in viruses that infect bacteria,...
...inside. Concept 19.2 Viruses reproduce only in...
...for making proteins, viruses are obligate intracellular...
...obligate intracellular parasites. Viruses can reproduce only...
...by the virus. Viruses recognize host cells...
...the host). Some viruses have a broad...
...and equine encephalitis viruses can infect mosquitoes,...
...only humans. Most viruses of eukaryotes attack...
...tissues. Human cold viruses infect only the...
...a bacterium. Other viruses are taken up...
...genes. Most DNA viruses use the DNA...
...viral DNA. RNA viruses use special virus-encoded...
...to form complete viruses if the components...
...the exit of viruses from the infected...
...understood of all viruses, some of them...
...some double-stranded DNA viruses can reproduce by...
...daughter cells. The viruses thus propagate without...
...0157:H7 strain. Animal viruses are diverse in...
...represented among animal viruses. One key variable...
...the classification of viruses. Another variable is...
...membrane. Most animal viruses with RNA genomes...
...with DNA genomes. Viruses equipped with an...
...membrane. These enveloped viruses do not necessarily...
...host cell. Some viruses have envelopes that...
...These double-stranded DNA viruses reproduce within the...
...by these new viruses causes cold or...
...genital sores. The viruses that use RNA...
...animals. In some viruses with single-stranded RNA...
...genome RNA. All viruses that require RNA...
...retroviruses are enveloped viruses that contain two...
...from the cell. Viruses may have evolved...
...mobile genetic elements. Viruses do not fit...
...of life. Although viruses are obligate intracellular...
...living world. Because viruses depend on cells...
...that the earliest viruses were naked bits...
...Plasmids, transposons, and viruses are all mobile...
...the genomes of viruses infecting other hosts....
...their host. Some viruses, however, have genetic...
...seemingly distantly related viruses. For example, some...
...animal and plant viruses share similar sequences....
...the evolution of viruses and their eukaryotic...
...the origin of viruses has been reinvigorated...
...evolutionary relationship between viruses and the genomes...
...association that makes viruses very useful model...
...biology. Concept 19.3 Viruses, viroids, and prions...
...often obscure. Some viruses damage or kill...
...from lysosomes. Some viruses cause the infected...
...disease symptoms. Others viruses have molecular components,...
...are powerless against viruses, which have few...
...years, several emerging viruses have risen to...
...spread of existing viruses from one species...
...mutation of existing viruses is a major...
...viral diseases. RNA viruses tend to have...
...spread of existing viruses from one host...
...the effects of viruses moving between species....
...helps release new viruses from infected cells....
...areas may allow viruses to spread between...
...that may host viruses that can infect...
...infect humans. Plant viruses are serious agricultural...
...billion worldwide. Plant viruses can stunt plant...
...yields. Most plant viruses are RNA viruses...
...viruses are RNA viruses with rod-shaped or...
...often carriers of viruses, transmitting disease from...
...simpler than even viruses, consist of tiny...