...These tissues are called integuments. The megasporangium,...
...and integuments are called the ovule. The...
...or in clusters called inflorescence. Flower parts...
...(3n) nutritive tissue called the endosperm. IV....
...form what is called the basal angiosperms...
...Another group is called the magnoliids. VI....
...This event is called the Cambrian explosion....
...symmetry and collectively called radiata. These animals...
...and are collectively called bilateria. Types of...
...and they are called parazoans, meaning "beside...
...tissues and are called eumetazoans. Another difference...
...layers and are called triploblastic: Ectoderm covers...

...certain green algae, called charophyceans. A. An...
...pteridiophytes are sometimes called seedless plants because...
...within protective chambers called ovaries. Bryophytes, pteridiophytes,...
...the algal group called charophyceans. The plasma...
...multicellular bodies is called the gametophyte with...
...haploid reproductive cells called spores. A spore...
...by a polymer called sporopollenin, the most...
...environments. Multicellular organs, called sporangia, are found...
...within multicellular organs, called gametangia. A female...
...A female gametangium, called an archegonium, produces...
...pathogens. Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce many...
...water loss. Pores, called stomata, in the...
...organs. Tube-shaped cells, called xylem, carry water...
...many unique molecules called secondary compounds. These...
...One international initiative, called “deep green,” is...
...branched, one-cell-thick filaments, called a protonema. When...
...filaments of cells, called rhizoids. Rhizoids are...
...undecayed organic material, called peat. Wet regions...
...vein. These leaves, called microphylls, probably evolved...
...Sphenophytes are commonly called horsetails because of...
...clusters of sporangia, called sori, on the...

...of green algae called charophytes. Land plants...
...produced in clusters called sori (sing. sorus)....
...elongated conical structure called strobilus (pl. strobili)....
...elongated conical structure called strobilus (pl. strobili)....
...male cone is called microstrobilus, and contains...
...female cone is called the megastrobilus, which...
...a), which is called sometimes the Age...
...in the xylem called vessel elements. Reproductive...
...or in clusters called inflorescence. Flower parts...
...(3n) nutritive tissue called the endosperm. See...
...gelatinous protein matrix called mesohyl, which contains...
...special stinging organelles called nematocysts; nematocysts abundant...
...a specialized structure called the scolex ("holdfast")...
...Nemertea are commonly called the ribbon worms....
...bears 1-4 projections called toes, which are...
...layer of skin called the mantle covers...
...of branching tubes called tracheae or plate-like...
...or plate-like structures called book lungs. Nervous...
...through an opening called the madreporite; it...
...a flat shell called test. Their pentaradial...
...and mammals) are called amniotes because their...
...localized in regions called meristems. It involves...
...for gas exchange called stomata (sing. stoma)....
...two epidermises is called mesophyll. It consist...
...layer of cells called the bundle sheath...
...stem and are called adventitious roots. ROOT...
...with Casparian strip called exodermis. It develops...
...plants have roots called haustoria (haustorium) adapted...
...and biological processes called weathering. The texture...
...in diameter are called gravel and stone...
...This process is called cation exchange. Many...
...- a process called leaching. Some anions...
...shortest supply are called limiting factors. Nitrogen,...
...enlarged branch end called the receptacle. The...
...different gene. Collectively called phytochrome. Found in...

...of green algae called charophytes. II. Phylogeny...
...by seed plants called gymnosperms or naked-seed...
...group of algae called "green algae." Land...
...of green algae called charophytes. Liverworts, hornworts...
...show water-conducting cells called tracheids and are...
...by specialized cells called guard cells. The...
...multicellular haploid phase called the gametophyte. Gametohytes...
...diploid phase is called the sporophyte. Sporophytes...
...a 3-C compound called phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP, and...
...This process is called photorespiration. Photorespiration utilizes...
...of green algae called charophytes. Land plants...
...in multicellular organs called gametangia. Algae produce...
...of special cells called xylem and phloem....
...in specialized chambers called ovaries. Gymnosperms do...
...an upright structure called the gametophore. These...
...into cone-like structures called strobili (sing. strobilus)....
...into a structure called the strobilus (pl....
...produced in clusters called sori (sing. sorus.)...
...localized in regions called meristems. ROOT ANATOMY...
...a central cylinder called the stele. Secondary...
...in the stele called the pericycle, and...
...cluster of cells called meristem and produce...
...for gas exchange called stomata (sing. stoma)....
...two epidermises is called mesophyll. It consist...
...layer of cells called the bundle sheath...
...localized in regions called meristems. It involves...
...sun). This is called developmental plasticity. Chapter...
...a membrane is called the solute potential...
...the turgor pressure called the wall pressure....
...these forces is called pressure potential. Water...
...This state is called plasmolysis. The effects...
...tissues and air called the water potential...
...the plant is called transpiration. Cohesion-Tension Theory...
...hydrophilic walls is called adhesion. Mesophyll cells...
...in charge is called an electrochemical gradient....
...by another protein called the cotransporter. When...
...and biological processes called weathering. Inorganic materials...
...in diameter are called gravel and stone...
...roots. This is called leaching. Cations bind...
...an ion is called the electrochemical gradient....
...of ions is called passive uptake or...
...beneficial. It is called a mutualistic relationship....
...for metallothioneins is called MT2. Plants that...
...bacteria are often called rhizobia. This infection...
...the rhizobia are called bacteroids. The bacteroid...
...other form. They called this phenomenon photoreversibility....
...of steps is called signal transduction. To...
...A second protein called a kinase found...
...some mRNA. Genes called cry1 and cry2...
...shoot. The molecule called auxin promotes cell...
...contain transmembrane proteins called integrins. Integrin span...
...charge separation is called polarization. This separation...
...creates potential energy called a voltage. Potential...
...expressed in units called millivolts, mV By...
...voltage change is called an action potential....
...a receptor protein called ABP1. The Acid-Growth...
...These proteins are called expansins. Expansins have...
...for negative auxin called efflux carrier proteins,...
...that a locus called Le (for length)...
...to a gibberellin called GA20 and converts...
...female organs are called perfect. Flowers having...
...female organs are called imperfect. Many plants...
...characteristic life cycle called alternation of generations....
...enlarged branch end called the receptacle. The...
...an inner tissue called the nucellus and...
...two protective layers called integuments. The integuments...
...two others are called synergids eventually degenerate....
...two nuclei are called the polar nuclei....
...this structure is called the female gametophyte...
...four cells forming called now microspores, divide...
...layer of sporopollenin called the exine, and...
...layer of pectin called the intine surrounds...
...type of predation called herbivory. Plants cannot...
...Protective chemicals are called secondary compounds since...
...dying. This is called a hypersensitive response...
...responses are collectively called ROI or reactive...
...certain antibiotic compounds called phytoalexins. A phytoalexin...
...has a substance called volicitin that induces...

...highly modified leaves called floral organs, which...
...a sticky structure called the stigma that...
...are sperm-producing structures called pollen grains, which...
...are egg-producing structures called embryo sacs, which...
...genes for self-incompatibility, called S-genes, with as...
...pollen grain itself, called gametophytic self-incompatibility. In...
...the carpel’s stigma, called sporophytic self-incompatibility. In...
...embryonic axis is called the hypocotyl and...
...asexual reproduction, also called vegetative reproduction. This...
...of asexual reproduction, called apomixis, is found...
...from plant fragments called cuttings. These are...
...dividing undifferentiated cells, called the callus, forms,...
...root system is called the stock and...
...a wild relative called black nightshade. The...

...distinct soil layers, called horizons, are often...
...particles. This process, called cation exchange, is...
...when soil microbes called denitrifying bacteria converts...
...roots have swellings called nodules, composed of...
...assume a form called bacteriods, which are...
...roots secrete molecules called flavonoids, which enter...
...a chitinlike substance, called Nod factor. •...
...dense knotlike structures called arbuscles that are...
...of plant hormones called cytokinins to root...
...by using projections called haustoria to siphon...
...tree’s mycorrhizae. Plants called epiphytes are sometimes...

...membrane. Photoreceptors are called phytochromes. 2) Transduction:...
...transduction pathway are called relay molecules. Certain...
...pathway and are called second messengers. The...
...are other enzymes called phosphatases that remove...
...unidirectional transport is called polar transport. Polar...
...wall activates enzymes called expansins that break...
...These proteins are called expansins. Expansins have...
...These effects are called photomorphogenesis. Plants detect...
...different gene. Collectively called phytochrome. Found in...
...or isomer. They called this phenomenon photoreversibility....
...a photoperiod is called photoperiodism. The length...
...shoot. The molecule called auxin promotes cell...
...voltage change is called an action potential....
...of special proteins called heat-shock proteins. It...
...Protective chemicals are called secondary compounds since...
...has a substance called volicitin that induces...
...by pathogens. Molecules called elicitors induce the...
...of antimicrobial compounds called phytoalexins. Elicitors are...
...often cellulose fragments called oligosaccharins; they are...
...dying. This is called a hypersensitive response...
...certain antibiotic compounds called phytoalexins. A phytoalexin...

...profound changes, collectively called greening. The elongation...
...in plants is called a phytochrome, which...
...a tomato mutant, called aurea, which greens...
...to small proteins called calmodulins which bind...
...from stimuli is called a tropism. The...
...toward light is called positive phototropism. Much...
...in a sheath called the coleoptile, which...
...of growing cells, called a callus, remains...
...a growth maneuver called the triple response...
...rate. Other mutants, called constitutive triple-response (ctr)...
...programmed cell death, called apoptosis, there is...
...family of photoreceptors called phytochromes that absorb...
...that they were called cryptochromes. In the...
...a carotenoid-based photoreceptor called zeaxanthin (for stomatal...
...environmental variable are called circadian rhythms. These...
...as flowering, is called photoperiodism. One of...
...temperatures below 10oC (called vernalization) before exposure...
...on what is called gene-for-gene recognition, because...
...by infection. Molecules called elicitors, often cellulose...
...often cellulose fragments called oligosaccharins released by...
...of antimicrobial compounds called phytoalexins. Infection also...
...vigorous and is called a hypersensitive response...
...proteins. This response, called systemic acquired resistance...

...sensory neurons are called sensations. Once the...
...in membrane potential called a receptor potential....
...of the skin called nociceptors. The stimulus...
...receptors are also called nociceptors. They consist...
...have gravity receptors called statocysts. Statocysts function...
...of the pigments called rhodopsins to absorb...
...flatworms. Eyespots are called ocelli, a bowl...
...with viscous fluid called the vitreous humor....
...lens. This is called accommodation. The retina...
...trans-retinal. This is called "bleaching of rhodopsin"....
...a G protein called transducin. In turn...
...different photopigment collectively called photopsins. The retinal...
...In the so called vertical pathway, the...
...areas. This is called lateral inhibition. It...
...Muscle cells are called fibers. Muscle fibers...
...grouped into bundles called fascicles. Fascicles are...
...many inward extensions called T tubules (transverse...
...and contractile units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are...
...two globular structures called heads and a...
...and sustained contraction called tetanus. Motor neurons...
...tension. This is called recruitment. In muscles...
...an oxygen-storing protein called myoglobin. Myoglobin is...

...as DNA, is called its genome. In...
...by protein complexes called cohesins. This attachment...
...the centromere is called an arm of...
...of cell division called meiosis. Meiosis yields...
...the centrosomes are called asters. The centrosomes...
...some spindle microtubules (called kinetochore microtubules) attach...
...by an enzyme called separase. Once the...
...by a process called cleavage. The first...
...of cell division called binary fission, or...
...cells can be “called back” to the...
...the kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases, or...
...the lump is called a benign tumor....
...in an event called metastasis. Treatments for...