Chapter 4 - Medical Terminology (Rice)

Learning Outcomes Define terms that describe the body and its structural units. List the systems of the body and give the organs in each system. Define terms that are used to describe direction, planes, and cavities of the body. Learning Outcomes Understand word analysis as it relates to Head-to-Toe Assessment. Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. Identify and define selected abbreviations. Anatomy and Physiology Overview The human body is made up of atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium that is maintained within the body's internal environment. Anatomy and Physiology Overview By maintaining homeostasis, the cells of the body are in an environment that meets their needs and permits them to function optimally under changing conditions. Figure 4.1 Human body: levels of organization. Genetic Building Blocks Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing genetic building blocks. Back to Directory Human Body: Levels of Organization An atom is the smallest basic chemical unit of an element. Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons Human Body: Levels of Organization Chemical elements Made up of atoms, which can be classified into groups called elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into any other substance. Human Body: Levels of Organization More than 100 elements have been identified. The mass of the human body is made up of just 6 elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Insert table 4-1 Human Body: Levels of Organization Molecules Chemical combination of two or more atoms that form a specific chemical compound. Human Body: Levels of Organization Cells The basic building blocks for the various structures that together make up the human being. Specialized to perform specific functions. Size and shape of a cell are generally related directly to its function. Figure 4.2 Cells are the basic building blocks of the human body. Human Body: Levels of Organization Cells The common parts of different types of cells are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Figure 4.3 Major parts of a cell. Human Body: Levels of Organization Cell Membrane Outer covering of the cell. Has capability of allowing some substances to pass into and out of the cell, while denying passage to other substances. Human Body: Levels of Organization Cytoplasm Substance between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. Jellylike material that is mostly water. Provides storage and work areas for the cell. Human Body: Levels of Organization Nucleus Responsible for the cell's metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Contains the chromosomes, microscopic bodies that carry the genes that determine hereditary characteristics. Has 23 pairs of chromosomes. A genome is the complete set of genes and chromosomes tucked inside each of the body's trillions of cells. Human Body: Levels of Organization Stem Cells Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. Unspecialized. Give rise to specialized cell types. Can now be grown and transformed into specialized cells through cell culture. Insert table 4-2 Table 4.2 (continued) Major Cell Structures and Primary Functions Human Body: Levels of Organization Tissue Grouping of similar cells that together perform specialized functions. Epithelial tissue forms the outer surfaces of the body and lines body cavities, as well as the principal tubes and passageways leading to the exterior. Human Body: Levels of Organization Tissue Epithelial tissue forms the secreting portions of glands and their ducts. Epithelial tissue is an important part of certain sense organs. Human Body: Levels of Organization Six main functions of epithelial tissue: Protection Sensation Secretion Absorption Excretion Diffusion Human Body: Levels of Organization Connective tissue Most widespread and abundant of the body tissues. Forms the supporting network for the organs of the body, sheaths muscles, connects muscles to bones and bones to joints. Bone is a dense form of connective tissue. Human Body: Levels of Organization Muscle tissue Skeletal or voluntary, striated in appearance Smooth or involuntary Cardiac, also an involuntary muscle Human Body: Levels of Organization Nerve tissue consists of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells called neuroglia. Controls and coordinates the activities of the body. Human Body: Levels of Organization Organs Multiple different tissues that serve a common purpose or function. Examples are the brain, skin, or heart. Human Body: Levels of Organization Systems A group of different organs functioning together for a common purpose. Figure 4.4 Organ systems of the body with major functions. Introduction to Body Systems Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing an introduction to body systems. Back to Directory Anatomical Locations and Positions The Anatomical Position The body is erect, head facing forward, arms by the sides with palms to the front. Left and right are from the subject's point of view, not the examiner's. Anatomical Locations and Positions Planes Midsagittal plane vertically divides the body as it passes through the midline to form a right and left half. Transverse or horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Anatomical Locations and Positions Planes Coronal or frontal plane divides the body at right angles to the midsagittal plane into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions. Figure 4.5 Planes of the body. Anatomical Locations and Positions Cavities Hollow spaces containing body organs. Figure 4.6 Body cavities. (A) Lateral view of a sagittal section through the body. (B) Anterior view of a frontal section through the body. (C) A transverse section through the lower thoracic cavity. Anatomical Locations and Positions Ventral Cavity Hollow portion of the human torso, extending from the neck to the pelvis and containing the heart and the organs of respiration, digestion, reproduction, and elimination. Thoracic cavity – chest area containing the heart (pericardial cavity), spaces surrounding each lung (pleural cavities), esophagus, trachea, thymus, and certain large blood and lymph vessels. Anatomical Locations and Positions Ventral Cavity Abdominal cavity – the space below the diaphragm, commonly referred to as the belly; contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs of digestion. Pelvic cavity – the space formed by the bones of the pelvic area; contains the organs of reproduction and elimination. Anatomical Locations and Positions Dorsal Cavity Contains the structures of the nervous system. Cranial cavity – space in the skull containing the brain. Spinal cavity – space within the bony spinal column that contains the spinal cord and spinal fluid. Anatomical Locations and Positions Abdominopelvic Cavity The combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, divided into nine regions. Figure 4.7 (A) The nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. (B) The four regions of the abdomen that are referred to as quadrants. Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Right hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Epigastric Right lumbar Left lumbar Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Umbilical Right iliac Left iliac Hypogastric Abdomen Divided into Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Insert table 4-3 Table 4.3 (continued) Directional and Positional Terms Audio Pronunciations Adipose Ambilateral Anatomy Android Anterior andr -oid = man = resemble Audio Pronunciations Apex Base Bilateral Biology Audio Pronunciations Caudal Center Chromosome Cilia chromo- -some = color = body Audio Pronunciations Cranial Cytology Deep Dehydrate Diffusion Audio Pronunciations Distal Dorsal Ectomorph Endomorph Audio Pronunciations Filtration Gene Histology Homeostasis Horizontal Audio Pronunciations Human genome Inferior Inguinal Internal intern -al = within = pertaining to Audio Pronunciations Karyogenesis Lateral Medial Mesomorph Organic Audio Pronunciations Pathology Perfusion Phenotype Physiology physi/o -logy = nature = study of Audio Pronunciations Posterior Protoplasm Proximal Somatotrophic Superficial Audio Pronunciations Superior Systemic Topical Unilateral uni- later -al = one = side = pertaining to Audio Pronunciations Ventral Vertex Visceral Drug Highlights Therapeutic Use Drugs used in the treatment of a disease or condition to relieve the symptoms or to sustain the patient until other measures are instituted. Diagnostic Use Certain drugs are used in conjunction with radiology to allow the physician to pinpoint the location of a disease process. Drug Highlights Curative Use Certain drugs kill or remove the causative agent of a disease. Replacement Use Certain drugs are used to replace or supplement substances normally found in the body. Drug Highlights Preventive or Prophylactic Use Certain drugs are used to ward off or lessen the severity of a disease. Chemical Name Usually the formula that denotes the composition of the drug. Generic Name The drug's official name, descriptive of its chemical structure. Drug Highlights Trade or Brand Name (proprietary) Registered by the U.S. Patent Office as well as approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A trade or brand name is capitalized. Undesirable Actions of Drugs Most drugs have the potential for causing an action other than their intended action. This type of reaction is known as a side effect. Drug Highlights Adverse Reaction An unfavorable or harmful unintended action of a drug. Drug Interaction Can occur when one drug potentiates (increases the action) or diminishes the action of another drug. Drugs can also interact with foods, alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. Drug Highlights Medication Order and Dosage Given for a specific patient and denotes the name of the drug, the dosage, the form of the drug, the time for or frequency of administration, and the route by which the drug is to be given. Abbreviations Combining Form Match Up Quiz dors/o a. side later/o b. nature path/o c. body physi/o d. backward somat/o e. disease Review Quiz Which of the following is the smallest basic chemical unit of matter? atom cell electron molecule Which of the following is the smallest basic chemical unit of matter? atom cell electron molecule The term that means pertaining to the side is: inferior internal lateral medial The term that means pertaining to the side is: inferior internal lateral medial Which of the following contains the liver? RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Which of the following contains the liver? RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Systemic means pertaining to: a place a surface the body as a whole the highest point Systemic means pertaining to: a place a surface the body as a whole the highest point Which of the following is not a medical use for drugs? diagnostic preventive recreational therapeutic Which of the following is not a medical use for drugs? diagnostic preventive recreational therapeutic The region located over the stomach is called the epigastric region. True False The region located over the stomach is called the epigastric region. True False The distal portion of an anatomical site is located farthest from the point of origin. True False The distal portion of an anatomical site is located farthest from the point of origin. True False The study of tissue is called cytology. True False The study of tissue is called cytology. True False The dorsal cavity contains the structures of the nervous system. True False The dorsal cavity contains the structures of the nervous system. True False A combining form that means ankle is tars/o. True False A combining form that means ankle is tars/o. True False Adipose tissue is also known as flat tissue. True False Adipose tissue is also known as flat tissue. True False The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. True False The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. True False The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into nine regions. True False The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into nine regions. True False Mast and mamm/o are word parts that mean breast. True False Mast and mamm/o are word parts that mean breast. True False