biology 1406 archea prokaryotes and plants

BIOL 1407 EXAM II Review Chapters 27, 28, 29, 30 Chapter 27- Bacteria and Archaea What are the different prokaryotic domains? Archaea bacteria What type of genome is present in a prokaryotic cell? What is the number of chromosomes they have? circular chromosomes 1 Which of the following characteristics do prokaryotic cell have ? unicellular asexual reproduction nucleus multicellular ribosomes sexual reproduction nucleoid organelles In a prokaryotic cell, what are the functions of plasmids, fimbriae, flagella, endospores, nucleoid, capsule, cell wall, pili, slime layer? ` fimbriae A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells. pilus a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation plasmid A small, circular, doublestranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning endospores A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions only on gram-positive capsule protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells What are the basic shapes that bacteria have? Coccus(sphere) bacillus(rod) spirialla(spirals) What are the differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? Which have more peptidoglycan? Which have two membranes? What are liposaccharides? Gram negative- thinner cell wall have a outer membrane and inner Gram positive- thick cell wall (more peptidoglycan) retain dye lipopolysaccharide carbohydrates bonded to lipids on outer membrane of gram - When spores return to the vegetative state, what is this called? germination What happens during tetanus? (bacteria that causes this makes endospores) Bacterial disease - affects nervous system “lockjaw” stiffness, arching of the back What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause? Whooping cough Which bacteria make a toxin which causes botulism? Clostridium botulinum What is this toxin used for? Botox, Paralysis of muscles Do plasmids have essential genes required for survival? no Which group of prokaryotes obtains both energy and carbon from organic molecules? chemoheterotrophs What is binary fission? A method of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells. What is transformation? Picking up foreign dna (plasmids) from the surrounding to change the genotype and phenotype What is transferred between bacteria during conjugation? What is needed for conjugation to take place? transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The transferred DNA is a plasmid. Its one way, the bacteria must be connect by the sex pilus What is the difference between F factor transfer and Hfr transfer? F+ cell- the bacterial cells that contain the f plasmid ( fertility factor)separately from the chromosome : single strand is given, then the f- cell synthesizes the new complementary strand * entire plasmid is transferred F- cell the bacterial cell that does not contain the f plasmid. There the recipient cells Hfr cells(high frequency of recombination ) – the f factor is integrated into the bacterial chromosome. Then a single strand is of the f afctor + some of the donors chromosomal dna is sent through the pilus but breaks before the entire chromosome is sent to the f- cell. So It get now has 3 different types of dna : the its own dna the donor chromosomal dna and the plasmid. This increases genetic material What is transduction? A bacteriophage infects a bacteria and reproduces, fragmenting the host and taking the fragmented dna assembling a new phage which then goes to infect other bacteria crossing over the dna What is necrotizing fasciitis? Flesh-eating disease, destroys tissue under the skin. Which bacterium causes it? Streptococcus pyogenes How to photoautotrophs obtain energy? light What do they use for the carbon source? Carbon dioxide , bicarbonate How do chemoheterotrophs obtain energy? Organic compounds What do they use for carbon source? Organic compounds Chemoautotroph inorganic chemicals What do they use for the carbon source? Carbon dioxide , bicarbonate Which type of bacteria need oxygen for survival? Obligate aerobes Which type of bacteria are poisoned by O2? Oobligate anaerobes Which type of bacteria can survive with or without oxygen? Facultative anaerobes Which type of bacteria carry out photosynthesis? Cyanobacteria What is a heterocyst? A specialized cell that carry’s out nitrogen fixation only What is a biofilm? Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies What conditions to halophiles and thermophiles thrive in? What domain do most of these prokaryotes belong to? Halophiles - thrive in highly saline environments (salt) Thermophiles – in very hot environments What is bioremediation? the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment What role do decomposers play? Breaking down dead organisms and waste products to unlock supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements What is symbiosis? ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact Prokaryotes often form symbiotic associations with much larger organisms. Host – larger organism in relationship Symbiont – smaller organism What are the different types of symbiosis? Mutualism both organisms have a beneficial relationship Commensalism one organism gets benefits while the other gets neutral Parasitism one organism gets benefits while the other gets harmed What type of relationship does Helicobacter pylori have with the host? Parasitism What does this bacteria cause? causes ulcers and gastric cancer What do methanogens make? Methane as a waste product What is it used for? decomposers in sewage treatment facilities What are endotoxins and exotoxins? Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down Exotoxins are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present Chapter 28 – Protists Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists Was kingdom Protista polyphyletic? Yes polyphyletic group- group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor. Do photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities? Yes they have 1 diatoms and 2 dinoflagellates ranked producers Are most protists unicellular or multicelluar? Unicellular What are the different modes of nutrition that protists have? photoautotrophs and contain chloroplasts. heterotrophs, absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles. mixotrophs, combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition What is schizogony? A sexual reproduction, mitosis occurs but not cytokinesis. Multiple nucleaus in 1 cell called schizont. When fission occurs called merozoites What gave rise to the enormous diversity of protists? endosymbiosis What is endosymbiosis? relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (the host). What is the bait and switch defense? a defense where they change their surface proteins in order to avoid host immune systems Which two organisms that we studied can do this? African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas disease What are the two host of the parasite that causes malaria? Humans and mosquitoes What is released from a red blood cell that causes periodic chills and fever? merozoites How does paramecium*(part of ciliates) move? How many nuclei does paramecium have? cilia- whiskers around them, Have micronucleus and macronucleus What process takes placed in ciliates to increase genetic variation? conjugation What is conjugation? 2 cells swap micronucleus What helps brown algae anchor themselves? rootlike holdfast Do they have true stems and leaves? No but similar What type of pigments do green algae have? chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and xanthophyll Are they the same as land plants? No, close relatives How do plasmodial slime molds move to obtain food? pseudopodia What happen to the slime molds if the habitat begins to dry up, and there is no food left? the plasmodium stops growing and differentiates into fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. How do some protist symbionts benefit their hosts? Dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps that build reefs Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites What do foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with? symbiotic algae that live within the tests (shells) Members have a feeding groove and modified mitochondria Excavata Heterotrophs , autotrophs, and parasites that have spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella Euglenozoa Have hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum and include diatoms, golden algae and green algae. Stramenopiles Includes Alveolates, Stramenopiles, and Rizarians SAR clade Have thin, hair-like extensions of the cytoplasm called filose pseudopodia Rhizaria Lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia Tubulinids Include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists Opisthokonts A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate Forams Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane Alveolates Have a mitochondria that contains organized mass of DNA and groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness. Kinetoplast Two equal-sized nuclei, mitosomes, flagellated and adheres to the intestinal walls via an adhesive disk, which is transmitted via a fecal oral route, causing diarrhea and impairs nutrient absorption Giardia intestinalis Hydrogenosomes, sexually transmitted, and travels the mucus-coated lining of the human reproductive urinary tract by flagella and undulating membrane Trichomonas vaginalis African sleeping sickness (transmitted tsete fly), Chaga’s disease(transmitted kissing bug), bait-and switch defense Trypansoma Mixotroph that has flagella, eyespot, contractile vacuole Euglena An apiocomplexan that causes malaria and continually changes its surface proteins plasmodium Ingestive heterotroph which causes amebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites Entamoeba histolytica Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? Plasmodium and Trypansoma The cells are reinforced with cellulose plates, two flagella, and cause “red tides” dinoflagellates alveolates An important producer in the aquatic environment and their cell wall is made of silica. Diatoms Stramenopiles Multicelluar algae that have algin in cell wall and some members have complex life cycles such as alteration of generations. brown algae Stramenopiles These algae have the pigment phycoerythrin which allows it leave at great depths in the water. They give us agar, carrageen, and warp of sushi. red algae Archaeplastida Land plants descended from which algae. They have diverse structural types. green algae Archaeplastida Undivided by plasma membranes and contains many diploid nuclei and many species are brightly pigmented. plasmodial slime mold Forms multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes when food is depleted cellular slime molds 8. Unicellular amoebas that are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists Tubulinid Amoebazoans/ amoeba proteus 9. Parasites with intricate life cycles apicomplexans 10. Yellow and brown pigments and planktonic producers golden algae Stramenopiles Chapters 29 and 30 (Plants) What characteristic do land plants and charophytes have? Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins Structure of flagellated sperm Formation of a phragmoplast What is sporopollenin? Enabled move to land most important trait Sporopollenin- A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out What are the five traits that appear in all land plants? Alternation of generations plants alternate between two multicellular stages Gametophyte Sporophyte multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems Tissues and organs with specialized functions What is a cuticle, mycorrhizae, stomata? cuticle consists of wax and other polymers coats thing that are exposed to air prevents drying out, microbial attacks and prevents excess water loss stomata pore that is used for gas exchange. close in hot dry environment to minimize water loss mycorrhizae ? beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots Why are land plants called embryophytes? because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent What is alternation of generations? Life cycle  which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte which produces spores that can produce gametophytes , and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte, which produces gametes that can produce sporophytes What is archegonia? The female gametangia (egg) What is antheridia? The male gametangia (sperm What happens at apical meristem? region at a growing tip of a plant body where one or more cells divide repeatedly. What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? lignified vascular tissue Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? What are the parts of a sporophyte? Sperm need moisture to reech egg protonema gametophore gametes embryo sporophyte What are rhizoids? cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Not composed of tissues don’t play a main role in water and mineral absorption What is peat? major component of deposits of partially decayed organic material Seedless egg turns to sporophyte diploid produce spores all seed plants heterospores What is function of xylem and phloem? Xylem Vascular plant tissue that conduct most of the water and minerals from roots to rest of plants (dead cells Phloem Vascular plant tissue that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant What is the difference between microphylls and megaphylls? Microphylls unbranched(single strand) leaves of vascular tissue Megaphylls branched vascular tissue leaves Know the life cycle of fern Diploid zygote grow into mature sporocyte underneath leaves are sorus which have sporangium. It releases spores from meiosis which becomes a mature gametophyte that contains both anterdium and archegonium (typically egg and sperm are from different gametophyte ) water is needed for sperm to fertilize the egg What are sporangia, sporophylls, sori, and strobili? Sporangia multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop. Sporophylls modified leaves with sporangia Sori clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophyll Strobili - cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls What are adaptations that plants have to live on land? embryo retention, a cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue. What is an ovule? the part of the ovary of seed plants that contains the female gametophyte and after fertilization becomes the seed What is a seed? embryo packaged along with a store of food (nutrients) within a protective coat Gymnosperm A vascular plant that has seeds not enclosed in protective chambers. (Naked) Angiosperm A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. Are all seed plants heterosporous? Yes Heterosporus plant species that has two kinds of spores micro and megasporus Study the life cycle of pine.Gymnosperm no ovary Seed make a tree that contain 2 types of pines ovulate and pollen cone. The ovulate cone has ovules in them which has a megasporangium which produces megasporoctes from mitosis. Megasporacytes producing 4 haploid cells 1 surviving as the megaspore from meisosis which give rise to the female gamertophyte which contain 2 or 3 archgonium, the pollen cone has microsporangium which by mitosis produce microsporocytes which produce pollen grains by meiosis, pollen grain land in micropyle opening in ovule for fertilization egg gets fertilized by sperm take over a year Which types of plants have double internal fertilization? Angiosperms What is the function of the endosperm? provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds Know the parts of a flower. carpel are sporophylls, modified leaves that are specialized for ovule reproduction stigma or stigmata The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains anther where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form. stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower ovary the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. Sepal helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens Receptacle site of attachment of the floral organs. base What does the ovule turn into after fertilization? Seed What does the ovary turn into after fertilization? Fruit What does the integument become after fertilization? Seed coat What path does the pollen take to fertilize the egg? (life cycle of an angiosperm) Microsporangium produces microsporocytes; which then give rise to microspores by meiosis; gives rise to male gametophytes (pollen grain) once that touches the stigma it develops into a pollen tube where sperm goes through into the ovary. The ovary contains ovules which has a megasporangium which produce 4 mega spores from meisosis. 1 megaspore becomes an egg that gets fertilized by the sperm. Which creates a embryo which gets nutrition from endospore. What does pollen grain develop into? Pollen tube What do generative cells and tube cells give rise to? male gametophyte (pollen grain) In which types of plants is the sporophyte generation completely dependent on the gametophyte generation? nonvascular plants byrophytes Which generation dominates in early land plants? gametophyte Which generation dominates in the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms? sporophyte Know the following . All the questions for plants will pertain to these groups. Byprophytes (non-vascular plants) Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) seedless diffusion water and osmosis Liverworts hornworts Seedless Vascular Plants (ferns and fern allies) Monilophyata (Pteridophytes – Pteridophyta) Gymosperms (vascular and seed plants) Cycads – Cycadophyta Ginkgos – Ginkgophyta Conifers – Coniferophyta Angiosperms (vascular, flowers, fruits, endosperm in seeds) flagellated sperm no vascular tissue vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) seed true roots, stems, and leaves have true roots and leaves gametophyte dominant sporophyte dominant naked seeds fruits flowers Which of the characteristics above (a-k) do plants below have? Bryophytes gametophyte dominant no vascular tissue flagellated sperm Ferns and fern allies (Monilophyata (Pterophyta)) have true roots and leaves, sporophyte dominant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) sori Gymnosperms have true roots and leaves sporophyte dominant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) naked seeds Angiosperms have true roots and leaves sporophyte dominant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) seed fruits flowers Know the characteristics monocots and eudicots possess? (number of cotyledons, venation pattern, stem arrangements, type of root, arrangements of floral organs) Know the sequence of land plants form the earliest to most recent. Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always produces spores