Assignment BIO 150

Mayville State University MSU Professor: Khwaja Hossain Student: Saydi Montes Zelaya Curse: BIOL 150 Topics Assignment: Nucleic Acids Types Methods of Expressing Genes Technologies to Manipulate your DNA Introduction The Nucleic Acids are found in every living thing plants, animals, viruses, fungi, bacteria. Genetic information has the responsibility of carrying tons of small details inside cells, just as disks contain information in a computer or roar maps displays information needed by travelers. In particular are key macromolecules for the continuity of life. DNA bears the hereditary information that’s passed on from parents to children, providing instructions for how (and when) to make the many proteins needed to build and maintain functioning cells, tissues, and organisms. What is the role of determining the genes, what type exists, what are the methods of expressing Genes, what kind of Technologies to Manipulate DNA are there, as well some information taking about Nucleic Acids I`ll show you it more detail continuation. Nucleic Acids: Role of determining the genes The biochemical activity of a cell depends on production of many proteins, each with a specific sequence. The information necessary to produce the correct proteins is passed through generation of organism, even though the proteins themselves are not inherit. Nucleic acids carry information inside cells, just as disks contain the information in a computer or road maps display information needed by travelers. two main varieties of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) Genetic information is stored in DNA, and short-lived copies of this are made in the form of RNA, which is then used to direct the synthesis of proteins during the process of gene expression. Unique among macromolecules, nucleic acids can serve as templates for producing precise copies of themselves. This characteristic allows genetic information to be preserved during cell division and during the reproduction of organisms. Types Each nucleotide is composed of ribose sugar with carbons numbered from 1 to 5. The carbon atoms are composed of four different bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid Responsible for how people physically (phenotype) and how they act, as well as certain health conditions and features that distinguish them. It is also responsible for storing genetic information about how and what work each cell should do. DNA contains two strands of nucleotides arranged in a way that makes it look like a twisted ladder (called a double helix). The nitrogenous bases that DNA builds its double-helix upon are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sugar that is in the composition of DNA is 2-deoxyribose. RNA-Ribonucleic acid Role of this nucleic acid in cell is much more complicated, information and it’s a part of the organelle responsible for protein synthesis. Single chain molecule that plays a vital role in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Similar to DNA, it is composed of the same nucleotides, but these are found in shorter chains.RNA has three major subtypes: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three of those subtypes are involved in protein synthesis. Methods of expressing Genes Reporter gene Reporter gene assay is used to determine the regulatory potential of a DNA sequence that is unknown. This involves a promoter sequence being linked to a detectable reporter gene such as luciferase, ?-galactosidase or ?-glucuronidase. Northern blotting Is employed in the analysis of an RNA sample from a cell type or tissue so as to determine the RNA expression of certain genes. Western blotting Include all the proteins that are associated with a certain cell type or tissue. The technique can help to determine a protein’s size, and how much of it is expressed. Fluorescent in situ hybridization Technique is used in prenatal diagnosis and also provides a useful tool in the diagnosis and predicted prognosis of various sarcomas. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Sensitive technique available for detecting and quantifying mRNA. Using RT-PCR, extremely small sample sizes can be used in the quantification of mRNA and the technique can in fact do this using just a single cell. DNA microarray Used to determine expression levels across a large number of genes or to perform genotyping across different regions of a genome. RNA Seq Refers to methods used to measure the sequence of RNA molecules. Include shotgun sequencing of cDNA molecules acquired from RNA through reverse transcription and technologies used to sequence RNA molecules from a biological sample so that the primary sequence and abundance of each RNA molecule can be determined. Tiling arrays Provide information about regions that are sequenced but for which the local functions are largely unknown. Technologies to Manipulate DNA Gene isolation: The DNA is first digested with a random digestion method. The DNA fragments are put into individual plasmid vectors and grown inside bacteria. Once in the bacteria the plasmid is copied as the bacteria divides. If the phenotype is detected, then it is possible that the bacteria contains the target gene. If the gene does not have a detectable phenotype or a DNA library does not contain the correct gene. Gene targeting: Gene targeting uses homologous recombination to target desired changes to a specific endogenous gene. Transformation: About 1% of bacteria are naturally able to take up foreign DNA, but this ability can be induced in other bacteria. Stressing the bacteria with a heat shock or an electric shock can make the cell membrane permeable to DNA that may then incorporate into the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA Selection: Screening method involves a DNA probe that sticks only to the inserted gene. Multiple strategies can remove the marker from the mature plant. Regeneration: As often only a single cell is transformed with genetic material the modified organism must be grown from that single cell. Bacteria consists of a single cell and reproduce clonally, so regeneration is not necessary for them. In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture. In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in embryonic stem cells. Offspring can be screened for the gene. All offspring from the first generation will be heterozygous for the inserted gene and must be inbred to produce a homozygous specimen. Jurassic Park is a result of this. Confirmation: The finding that a recombinant organism contains the inserted genes is not usually sufficient to ensure that they will be appropriately expressed in the intended tissues. To confirm the presence of the gene, PCR, Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing are employed to determine the chromosomal location and number of gene copies.