Pathologic basis of disease (9th) - test bank - chapter 9

Kumar: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition Chapter 09: Environmental Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which is the most common preventable form of mental retardation in the United States? a. Fetal rubella infection b. Fetal toxoplasmosis c. Fetal alcohol syndrome d. Fetal cytomegalovirus infection e. Fetal herpesvirus infection ANS: C, Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common preventable form of mental retardation in the United States. It affects 1200 children yearly, but it could be prevented by persuading pregnant women to avoid drinking alcohol during pregnancy. 2. Unopposed exogenous estrogen administration in women after menopause will increase the risk of cancer of which organ? a. Lung b. Liver c. Ovary d. Cervix e. Endometrium ANS: E, Unopposed estrogen administration increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma 5 to 10-fold in postmenopausal women. 3. Lead absorbed from the environment during infancy and childhood is predominantly deposited in which internal organ or organ system? a. Brain b. Liver c. Lungs d. Bones e. Skeletal muscles ANS: D, Lead absorbed from the environment during infancy and childhood is mostly (80%–85%) deposited and stored in the bones. 4. Ingestion of aflatoxin, a toxin from Aspergillus flavus fungi, is accompanied by development of cancer in which organ? a. Thyroid b. Lung c. Liver d. Colon e. Endometrium ANS: C, Aflatoxin is a hepatocarcinogen and is an important cause of liver cell carcinoma in parts of the world, such as Africa. 5. Xerophthalmia and night blindness typically result from deficiency of which of the following vitamins? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B1 c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D e. Vitamin K ANS: A, Vitamin A is important for the maintenance of normal vision and differentiation and maintenance of various epithelial cells. Deficiency of vitamin A thus results in dry eyes (xerophthalmia) and night blindness. 6. Frontal bossing of the cranium that imparts a square appearance to the head, pigeon breast deformity, and bow legs are features of a deficiency of which vitamin? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B1 c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D e. Vitamin K ANS: D, All these bone abnormalities are signs of vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency is called rickets during infancy and childhood; in adults, it is called osteomalacia. 7. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in chronic alcoholics is caused by a deficiency of a. vitamin A b. vitamin B1 c. vitamin C d. vitamin D e. vitamin K ANS: B, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Wernicke encephalopathy is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, ataxia of gait, mental confusion, apathy, listlessness, and disorientation. Korsakoff psychosis is marked by a loss of remote memory, inability to acquire new information, and confabulation. 8. Leptin is a hormone that acts on the hypothalamic centers for satiety and energy expenditure. Where is leptin synthesized? a. Liver b. Thyroid c. Peripheral fat cells d. Skeletal muscle cells e. Nervous system ANS: C, Leptin is synthesized by peripheral fat cells. It acts on the hypothalamic centers by decreasing the synthesis and secretion of neuropeptide Y and appetite stimulant.