Transcript
ANT 153
Exam 2 Study Guide
Course materials you are responsible for: readings, lectures, films, discussions
From the text: what were the state level societies in the Western Sudan and the Southern Savanna? Practiced Slavery
What commerce did the Portuguese conduct at the castle of Elmina (present-day Ghana)? Gold and Ivory
Who were the first Europeans to establish trading centers along the African coast? Portuguese
Where in Africa was slavery practiced prior to European contact? West Africa
What parts of the world outside of Africa used African slaves prior to the trade to the New World?
To what part of the New World were most of the slaves taken during the entire period of the Atlantic Slave Trade? Brazil or America
What parts of Africa served as the major points of embarkation for the slave trade to the New World? WEST
Who sold slaves to the Europeans? Africans
What were the principal differences between slavery in Africa and slavery in the new world?
Why is Swahili an unlikely candidate for an ancestral language of today’s African Americans? IT WASN’T APART OF THE SLAVE TRADE
Name the African states that developed because of their participation in the slave trade. Sierra Leone, Liberia , Gabon
How many people left Africa for the New World as slaves between 1650-1900? 12 Million
How many people left Africa for the Middle East as slaves between 1500-1900? 5 Million
When was slavery abolished in the USA? 1865
What were the latest countries in the world to officially criminalize slavery? In what years? Portugal 1869, Brazil 1888, Saudi Arabia 1962
What were the effects of the slave trade on the development of African commerce? African Slave Labor Expanded
What is the belief that the body is inhabited by two spirits? Animism
What is the belief that impersonal forces or energies pervade everything? animatism
What are the principal characteristics of ritual in African religions? Prayer, Sacrifce, Magic, Social Requirements
What are the characteristics that distinguish African religions from Christianity and Islam?
What is the hierarchy of the supernatural in African indigenous religions? Supreme Being,Dietes,spirits,ancestors,energies,humans
What is the name of the Maasai supreme being? Enkai
What is the Maasai benevolent god? Black
What is the Maasai malevolent god? Red
What is the name of the Mande supreme being? Faro
What is the name of the Mande male deity? Pemba
What is the name of the Mande female deity? Musokoroni
What is the Mande name of the energy that pervades everything? Nyama
What are the elements of ritual in indigenous African religions? Prayer, Sacrifice, Magic, Social Requirements
What are the stages of the life cycle in African belief systems? (Re)Birth, Iniation, marriage, parenthood, grandparenthood, death, ancestorhood
Which one is mandatory in order to continue the cycle beyond physical death? Parenthood
What are the stages of a rite of passage? Separation, liminality, Aggregation
What are the principal foreign religions practiced in Africa? Witchcarft, sorcery, superstition
What is the Maasai’s principal adaptive strategy (how they get their food)? By killing, Pastoralism
What is the role of genital cutting among the Maasai?
What do Maasai men own? What do Maasai women own? Men Herds, usage rights to herds
Why are Maasai boys and girls completely shaved before they undergo initiation?
What marks a Maasai’s progression through the stages of life?
What is the female life stage that occurs at the same age period as warriorhood among the Maasai?
What are age grades? Unite men from all section, marks maasia socail
From the Hodgson article about Koko, what cultural changes had she witnessed in her lifetime?
What is a syncretic religion? Combination of diff beliefs
Islam came to Africa in what century? 7th Century
What were Islamic influences on African cultures? Sub-saharan
What are the characteristics of African independent churches? Prayers, dreams, healing
What is the gerontocratic principle?
What are Maasai concepts of rights in persons?
What body modifications are included in the Maasai genderization process?
What are cultural reasons for M/FGC in Africa?
How does Maasai male circumcision differ from Western male circumcision?
In what ways do Maasai children give “informed consent” for genital cutting?
What benefits accrue to Maasai men and women for undergoing genital cutting? Bravery and
From the film Womanhood and Circumcision: Three Maasai Women Have Their Say - What is the only way Tipaya sees her daughters’ lives as different from her own?
From the film Womanhood and Circumcision: Three Maasai Women Have Their Say - How do women demonstrate their courage during the operation? Walk
From the film New Gods, what was the name of the leader of the largest African Independent Church who was imprisoned by colonial authorities in 1921?
From the film New Gods, what are the environmental effects of the transition from indigenous African belief systems to those most prevalent today?
