Ch. 2 Polyphony to 1300

Chapter 2 Polyphony to 1300 History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-1 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Polyphony to 1300 Polyphony Emerged around 8th or 9th century Juxtaposed simultaneous, contrasting voices Counterpoint, harmony and texture became standard elements of Western music History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-2 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Earliest polyphony based on existing plainchants Combined words and melody of original chant were elaborated through addition of a new voice or voices History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-3 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Parallel organum – additional voice runs parallel to plainchant melody at a constant interval Plainchant melody is called vox principalis (principal voice) Additional voice is called the vox organalis (the organal, or added, voice) History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-4 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Innovations in Organum vox organalis placed above vox principalis Contrary motion between voices begins to be preferred over parallel motion History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-5 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Innovations in Organum Counterpoint Simultaneous combination of independent musical lines Allowed for vertical expansion of sound through equal weighted, multiple voices Prompted medieval theorists to reevaluate intervallic consonance History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-6 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Innovations in Organum Introduction of multiple notes in vox organalis over a single note in the chant Melismatic organum allowed for wider use of dissonance between organal voice and chant History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-7 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Notre Dame Organum Leoninus wrote large quantities of organa for chants of liturgical year Leoninus’ organal sections are either in melismatic organum or in measured organum History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-8 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Notre Dame Organum Measured organum Required a new kind of temporal relationship notation New system of rhythmic modes distinguished between long and short notes History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-9 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Notre Dame Organum Perotinus To organa – Added a third voice (triplum) On rare occasions a fourth voice (quadruplum) History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-10 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Clausula Brief polyphonic sections of discant organum Substituted at will into a larger existing work of organum Not an independent composition that can be performed on its own History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-11 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Motet Underlaying of a new text to duplum of an existing clausula Performing the new work outside liturgy of church History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-12 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organum Conductus Freely composed poems In metered verse Syllabic and metrical settings History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-13 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mensural Notation Starts middle of 13th century New, more precise notational system History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-14 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mensural Notation Franconian notation Franco of Cologne assigned specific rhythmic meanings to various note shapes Main note values were long, breve and semibreve Each could be divided into smaller units of two or three Basic unit of measurement was tempus (“time”; plural, tempora) and was associated with duration of breve History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-15 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mensural Notation Petronian Notation Begins c. 1280 Petrus de Cruce (Pierre de la Croix) French composer and theorist Refined Franconian system for greater subdivision of breve History of Music in Western Culture, 4e 2-16 © 2014 Education, Inc. By Mark Evans Bonds Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458