Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice.docx

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: a norm system an ethical system a morality guide a principled guide ANS: B 2. Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems? universal in nature authoritative based on God (however defined) not-self serving ANS: C 3. The difference between deontological ethical systems and teleological ethical systems is that: Deontological systems focus on intent instead of consequences. Deontological systems prioritize the ends over the means. Teleological systems focus on intent instead of consequences. Teleological systems prioritize the means over the ends. ANS: A 4. Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system? Utilitarianism ethics of care ethics of virtue ethical formalism ANS: D 5. An ethical system which judges the consequences of an act is referred to as: a deontological ethical system a teleological ethical system a formal ethical system a theological ethical system ANS: B . 6. Which statement is not consistent with ethical formalism? Moral law is self-imposed. Moral actions are determined by reason. Lying is never justified. Individuals cannot control the consequences of their decisions. ANS: C 7. Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true? Hypothetical imperatives command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences Hypothetical imperatives refer to the concept that some things just must be and don’t require further justification Hypothetical imperatives refer to the imperative that you should do your duty and act the way you want everyone else to act Hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends ANS: D 8. In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action. Rule Act Hypothetical categorical ANS: A 9. In _______________ utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from an action is examined. rule act hypothetical categorical ANS: B 10. The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a willful and rational: clergy leader God ecclesia ANS: C 11. According to Barry, human beings can “know” God’s will in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways? Individual conscience Religious authorities Holy scriptures Individual occurrence ANS: D 12. Which ethical system embraces human’s inclination for self-preservation? ethical formalism natural law ethics of care ethics of virtue ANS: B 13. Which is not considered a moral virtue? Thriftiness Industriousness Love Honesty ANS: C 14. The system of ethics of virtue is associated with: Kant Aquinas Aristotle Hobbes ANS: C 15. Aristotle’s concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency, is called: the principle of eudaimonia the principle of the golden mean the principle of moral latitude the principle of the moral exemplar ANS: B 16. Which of the following is not one of “The 6 Pillars of Character” presented in the text? Fairness Caring Respect Humility ANS: D 17. Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence? Citizenship Trustworthiness Caring Respect ANS: C . 18. Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” includes being a good steward of the natural resources and doing one’s fair share? Citizenship Trustworthiness Caring Respect ANS: A 19. Which ethical system is concerned with needs and relationships? Virtue Religion Ethical Formalism Ethics of care ANS: D 20. The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectedness, caring, and: Respect Mindfulness Fairness Equity ANS: B . 21. _____________________ postulates that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral. Altruism Narcissism Egoism Philanthropy ANS: C 22. Giving to charity or volunteering are examples of: enlightened egoism altruistic egoism psychological egoism religious egoism ANS: C 23. Altruistic acts that benefit the individual by ensuring reciprocal assistance reflect: enlightened egoism altruistic egoism psychological egoism religious egoism ANS: A 24. Which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson? the egoistic principle the golden mean principle the utilitarian principle the ethical principle ANS: C 25. The _________________ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule. generalization imperative utilitarian golden mean ANS: B 26. Subcultural deviance theory is most consistent with which type of ethical system? Deontological Absolutist Legalist Relativist ANS: D 27. ________________________________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes. Moral absolutism Ethical relativism Sub-cultural moralism Global relativism ANS: B 28. Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false? It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection of their own freedom and well-being It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable ANS: C 29. The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called: moral pluralism utilitarianism ethical formalism natural law ANS: A 30. Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for: absolutism relativism formalism pluralism ANS: B CRITICAL THINKING Case 2.1 Larry has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of Larry’s kids if he does not hand over his wallet. 1. Larry has always professed non-violence, but in this instance he fights the robber to protect his child. Technically, by fighting, he is violating his moral belief that one should be non-violent. His decision to fight in this instance, which he believes to be justified, is an example of: Absolutism Universality Egoism Situational ethics ANS: D 2. A deontological response to the situation would require Larry to: remain passive, regardless of the consequences pray for guidance fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict only be concerned with protecting himself ANS: A 3. A teleological response to the situation would require Larry to: remain passive, regardless of the consequences pray for guidance fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict only be concerned with protecting himself ANS: C 4. As stated in the scenario, Larry donates to charity but still provides a comfortable life for his family. He has found a balance between the competing virtues of giving to the less-fortunate while also ensuring that he provides for his family. This is an illustration of: ethical formalism egoism natural law principle of the golden mean ANS: D Case 2.2 Mary is a new police officer. One day she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room. Mary’s ethical system includes a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers. On the other hand, she also believes in upholding the law. 5. Mary’s situation is an example of: cultural relativism egoism an ethical dilemma the ethics of care ANS: C 6. Mary decides to report the crime that she observed, even though it will mean that her fellow officers will lose their jobs and might also be prosecuted. She has decided that the other officers brought this upon themselves; they WERE originally worthy of her loyalty, but lost that loyalty through their own actions. This illustrates: ethical formalism egoism principle of forfeiture principle of the golden mean ANS: C 7. Mary’s decision to report the crime had negative effects for the two officers involved, and for Mary personally. However, the rest of the community has benefited from the removal of corrupt police officers. A(n) ____________ viewpoint would find this outcome to be ethical. absolutist utilitarian egoist imperative ANS: B Case 2.3 The environmental movement in the United States seeks to protect forests and other pristine lands. To most Americans, respecting natural lands and animals probably is consistent with their ethical system. In some other countries, laws protecting the lands do not exist. Farmers and ranchers routinely “slash and burn” in order to farm or raise livestock, and loggers harvest trees indiscriminately. There is no ethical dilemma, since their society accepts these practices as normal and necessary. 8. In this instance, their society’s definitions differ from the American definitions. This is an example of: deontology egoism cultural relativism absolutism ANS: C 9. Farmers, ranchers, and loggers in these countries engage in these practices because they deem it necessary to provide for their families. Because their focus is on providing for their families and communities, they are adhering to the ethical system known as: ethics of care egoism psychological egoism golden mean ANS: A 10. In America, state, federal, and local governments have enacted laws to protect forests from destruction. Through these laws, the overall community is protected, even though individuals may be negatively affected. By meeting the needs of the overall community, these laws exhibit: principle of forfeiture principle of the golden mean hypothetical imperative utilitarianism ANS: D TRUE/FALSE 1. Ethical systems are the same as moral rules. ANS: F 2. Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system. ANS: T 3. Giving someone a car because they need it is a good act according to ethical formalism, even if he later dies in a crash because the brakes failed. ANS: T 4. Telling a lie to someone who doesn’t deserve the truth is not a lie according to ethical formalism. ANS: T 5. Utilitarianism would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority. ANS: T 6. The definition of eudaimonia or happiness is equivalent to the idea of hedonism. ANS: F REF: p. 27 7. Under the ethics of virtue philosophy, it is possible to have an excess of honor, truth, or shame. ANS: T REF: p. 27 8. Acts of charity are inconsistent with enlightened egoism. ANS: F REF: p. 39 9. The imperative principle is associated with utilitarianism. ANS: F 10. The most commonly utilized ethical systems are religion and egoism. ANS: F REF: p. 26 11. Socrates believed that ignorance leads to bad behavior because if one was rational and wise, he or she would know what virtue was and behave accordingly. ANS: T REF: p. 26 12. Aristotle believed that, by nature, we are born “good” and some later learn to be evil. ANS: F REF: pp. 26-27 13. A man makes a donation to charity for the purpose of looking good to his friends. A deontological review of this action would find it immoral. ANS: T 14. A teleological ethical system would approve of a bad act if it resulted in a good consequence. ANS: T 15. “Situational ethics” is an example of an absolutist ethical system. ANS: F REF: pp. 44-45 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 1. ______________________ systems emphasize the intent of the actor or good will as the key element of morality. ANS: Deontological ethical REF: p. 33 2. The term ____________________ holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative ethical system. ANS: ethical formalism 3. _____________________ is an ethical system that defines good as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number. ANS: Utilitarianism 4. _____________________ suggests that preservation of one’s own being is a basic principle of morality. ANS: Natural law 5. ____________________ is an ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of valued qualities. ANS: ethics of virtue REF: p. 26 6. ____________________ is an ethical system that defines what is good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships. ANS: ethics of care 7. According to the concept of ______________________ humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that they can do nothing else because it is their nature. ANS: psychological egoism REF: p. 39 8. The term ____________________ refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them. ANS: cultural relativism REF: p. 43 9. The ______________________________ refers to the idea that when one violates someone else’s rights, he gives up his own right to be treated under the principles of respect. ANS: principle of forfeiture REF: p. 44 10. ______________________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal trut different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors. ANS: situational ethics 11. ________________ have several characteristics; among them are the facts that they are the source of moral beliefs and that they are the underlying premises upon which we base our judgments. ANS: Ethical systems 12. Harris defined ethical systems as a systematic ordering of __________________. ANS: moral principles 13. Socrates and Plato identified four virtues: justice, wisdom, _________, and ___________. ANS: fortitude and temperance 14. According to Hinduism, the concept of ________________ suggests that what happens in a future life is determined by how we behave in our present life. ANS: karma 15. Under _______________ ethics, the murder of one person would be justified if it resulted in many others being saved. ANS: utilitarian ESSAY 1. Discuss the differences between teleological systems and deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided 2. Describe two teleological ethical systems and describe two deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided 3. Compare and contrast hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Provide an example of each. ANS: answer not provided 4. Discuss the similarities between the religious systems presented in the chapter. ANS: answer not provided 5. Compare the natural law system with religion. ANS: answer not provided 6. Describe and discuss the ethics of virtue ethical system. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided 7. Describe another way of resolving ethical dilemmas that does not use the ethical systems. ANS: answer not provided 8. Define cultural relativism. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided 9. Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism. ANS: answer not provided 10. Review egoism and identify its relationship to natural law. ANS: answer not provided