Ch29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad.docx

Chapter 29—Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912-1916 SHORT ANSWER Identify and state the historical significance of the following: 1. Woodrow Wilson ANS: Student answers will vary. 2. William Jennings Bryan ANS: Student answers will vary. 3. Herbert Croly ANS: Student answers will vary. 4. Eugene V. Debs ANS: Student answers will vary. 5. Arsene Pujo ANS: Student answers will vary. 6. Louis D. Brandeis ANS: Student answers will vary. 7. Victoriano Huerta ANS: Student answers will vary. 8. Venustiano Carranza ANS: Student answers will vary. 9. Francisco Villa ANS: Student answers will vary. 10. John J. Pershing ANS: Student answers will vary. 11. Kaiser Wilhelm II ANS: Student answers will vary. 12. Charles Evans Hughes ANS: Student answers will vary. Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 13. New Nationalism ANS: Student answers will vary. 14. New Freedom ANS: Student answers will vary. 15. Progressive party ANS: Student answers will vary. 16. Bull Moose ANS: Student answers will vary. 17. The Promise of American Life ANS: Student answers will vary. 18. Underwood Tariff Bill ANS: Student answers will vary. 19. Sixteenth Amendment ANS: Student answers will vary. 20. Federal Reserve Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 21. Federal Trade Commission Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 22. Clayton Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 23. Federal Farm Loan Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 24. La Follette Seaman's Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 25. Workingmen's Compensation Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 26. Jones Act ANS: Student answers will vary. 27. Virgin Islands ANS: Student answers will vary. 28. Tampico incident ANS: Student answers will vary. 29. ABC Powers ANS: Student answers will vary. 30. Sarajevo ANS: Student answers will vary. 31. Central Powers ANS: Student answers will vary. 32. Allies ANS: Student answers will vary. 33. Lusitania ANS: Student answers will vary. 34. U-boat ANS: Student answers will vary. 35. Sussex pledge ANS: Student answers will vary. COMPLETION Locate the following places by reference number on the map: 36. ____ Three of the nations who became associated as the Central Powers during World War I. ANS: 5, 8, 11 37. ____ Locate the neutral nation of Spain. ANS: 3 38. ____ Locate the Black Sea. ANS: 9 39. ____ Three nations associated as the Allies at the outbreak of World War I. ANS: 1, 2, 10 40. ____ Locate the nation that joined the Allies later, after the outbreak of World War I. ANS: 4 41. ____ Identify the area of the Low Countries through which invading German armies passed on their way toward France. ANS: 12 42. ____ The nation where an assassination ignited World War I. ANS: 5 43. ____ Locate the North Sea. ANS: 13 MULTIPLE CHOICE 44. Immediately before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been serving as a. a Presbyterian minister. b. the governor of New Jersey. c. a successful businessman. d. the president of Yale University. e. United States Senator from New Jersey. ANS: B REF: p. 661 45. As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as a a. mild conservative. b. reactionary. c. man who could readily work with Democratic party bosses. d. social radical. e. passionate reformer. ANS: E REF: p. 661 46. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following except a call for a. antitrust legislation. b. banking reform. c. dollar diplomacy. d. tariff reductions. e. support for small business. ANS: C REF: p. 661-662 47. When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it a. demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage. b. ensured Roosevelt's defeat by William Howard Taft. c. symbolized the rising political status of women and the movement for social justice. d. showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion. e. weakened Roosevelt by linking him to Addams's pacifism. ANS: C REF: p. 661 48. Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism a. pinned its economic faith on competition and the breakup of large monopolies. b. opposed the growth of labor unions. c. sought to raise tariffs to protect American industry. d. supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business. e. favored state rather than federal government activism. ANS: D REF: p. 662 49. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom a. supported federal government ownership of railroads and utilities. b. favored big business with accompanying federal regulation. c. favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the busting of monopolies. d. was focused around working-class issues like unions and minimum-wage laws. e. opposed banking and tariff reform. ANS: C REF: p. 661-662 50. The 1912 presidential election was notable because a. it gave the voters a clear choice of political and economic philosophies. b. personalities were the only issue of the campaign. c. it was the first time women had the right to vote. d. the Democratic party had split. e. the fourth-party Socialists had a serious chance to win. ANS: A REF: p. 662 51. Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party. A. Woodrow Wilson 1. Socialist B. Theodore Roosevelt 2. Democratic C. William Howard Taft 3. Republican D. Eugene V. Debs 4. Progressive a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l d. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 e. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-l ANS: E REF: p. 662-663 52. According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was a. socialism. b. progressivism. c. conservatism. d. capitalism. e. feminism. ANS: B REF: p. 663 53. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first ____ elected to the presidency since the Civil War. a. person born in the South b. Democrat c. lawyer d. non-Civil War veteran e. Methodist ANS: A REF: p. 663 54. Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable when surrounded by a. African Americans. b. Catholics. c. political professionals. d. journalists. e. academic scholars. ANS: E REF: p. 664 55. Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following except a. faith in the masses. b. a belief that compromise was necessary to be an effective leader. c. a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress. d. a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people. e. a belief in the central importance of morality of politics. ANS: B REF: p. 664 56. To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by a. enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage. b. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion. c. writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy. d. stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East. e. sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress. ANS: B REF: p. 664 57. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he a. stopped having formal cabinet meetings. b. appointed a black man to the Supreme Court. c. endorsed woman suffrage. d. personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress. e. rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration. ANS: D REF: p. 664 58. When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that a. federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver. b. unsound banks regularly issued inflated bank notes that had to serve as currency. c. the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government. d. the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold. e. money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City. ANS: E REF: p. 665 59. The Underwood Tariff Act and the Sixteenth Amendment reflected Wilson's progressive goals by a. establishing the first graduated federal income tax. b. creating an optional retirement system for workers. c. guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment. d. using tariffs only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition. e. providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports. ANS: A REF: p. 665 60. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking and currency system through the great authority given to a. the secretary of the treasury. b. the president of the United States. c. the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Banking Committee. d. regional Federal Reserve banks. e. the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board. ANS: E REF: p. 665 61. The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to a. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates. b. close weak banks. c. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard. d. collect income taxes directly from employees' paychecks. e. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures. ANS: A REF: p. 665 62. The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except a. eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices. b. outlawing unfair business competition and bribery. c. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits. d. prohibiting false and misleading advertising. e. outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products. ANS: C REF: p. 666 63. The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act a. included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. b. declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry. c. established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce. d. outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different purchasers. e. exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action. ANS: D REF: p. 666 64. Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by a. exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution. b. exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution. c. prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees. d. permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas. e. creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses. ANS: A REF: p. 666 65. Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Carta." a. Federal Reserve Act b. Underwood Tariff Act c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act d. Sixteenth Amendment e. Workmen's Compensation Act ANS: C REF: p. 666 66. The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was a. Felix Frankfurter. b. Arsene Pujo. c. Abraham Cahan. d. Louis D. Brandeis. e. Bernard Baruch. ANS: D REF: p. 666 67. Wilson's progressive programs provided relief to a. sailors. b. farmers and rural populations. c. civil service workers. d. All of these e. None of these ANS: D REF: p. 666 68. Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by a. opposing workingmen's compensation. b. opposing the entry of women into politics. c. vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act. d. refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission. e. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy. ANS: E REF: p. 666 69. Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct a strongly anti-imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined when he a. dispatched U.S. military forces to protect American interests in China. b. told the Filipinos that they could not obtain their independence for at least forty years. c. sent American marines to Haiti and the Dominican Republic. d. sent the U.S. Navy to seize the Virgin Islands from Denmark. e. began constructing a massive U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. ANS: C REF: p. 667-668 70. Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy? a. Imperialistic b. Moralistic c. Realistic d. Balance-of-power e. Isolationist ANS: B REF: p. 668 71. Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20th century affected the U.S. by a. interfering with trade relations. b. encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border. c. providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations. d. sparking tensions between the U.S. and Spain. e. None of these ANS: B REF: p. 668 72. All of the following are true statements about Mexicans who settled in the area known as the borderlands except a. they relocated mostly in Texas, New Mexico, California and Arizona. b. they helped build highways and railroads. c. most were single men without families. d. many followed the harvest as fruit pickers. e. they helped create a unique culture that blended Mexican and American folkways. ANS: C REF: p. 668 73. President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he a. sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses. b. sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico. c. seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta. d. sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. e. sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico. ANS: C REF: p. 669 74. Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except a. Haiti. b. the Dominican Republic. c. the Virgin Islands. d. Cuba. e. Mexico. ANS: D REF: p. 667-670 75. Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by a. Porfirio Diaz. b. Venustiano Carranza. c. Pancho Villa. d. Victoriano Huerta. e. Emiliano Zapata. ANS: D REF: p. 669 76. As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the ____, while Russia and France were among the ____. a. Central Powers; Holy Alliance b. Central Powers; Triple Alliance c. Allies; Central Powers d. Triple Alliance; Central Powers e. Central Powers; Allies ANS: E REF: p. 670 77. From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because a. the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not. b. more Americans sympathized with Britain than with Germany. c. British agents sabotaged American businesses that traded with Germany. d. American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany. e. the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes. ANS: E REF: p. 671 78. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans a. earnestly hoped to stay out of the war. b. favored entering the war in support of the Allies. c. supported the Central Powers. d. wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations. e. favored U.S. mediation of the conflict. ANS: A REF: p. 671 79. One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it a. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary. b. suffered severe business losses. c. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies. d. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia. e. virtually ended American international trade. ANS: C REF: p. 671 80. President Wilson insisted that he would hold ____ to "strict accountability" for ____. a. Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers b. Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent c. Germany; starting the war d. Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium e. Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare ANS: E REF: p. 672 81. German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning a. when the United States entered the war. b. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany. c. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war. d. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare. e. in a last-ditch effort to win the war. ANS: B REF: p. 672 82. Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines? a. Lusitania b. Arabic c. Sussex d. All of these American ships were sunk. e. None of these were American ships. ANS: E REF: p. 672-673 83. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the sinking of the Lusitania? a. 128 Americans onboard lost their lives. b. Germany expressed profound regret. c. Afterwards, Germany issued a warning to travelers about the perils of traveling in war zone waters. d. Germany immediately pledged not to sink unarmed passenger ships anymore. e. The incident helped feed a growing anti-Germany sentiment in the U.S. ANS: D REF: p. 673 84. The Progressive Bull Moose party died when a. Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916. b. Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916. c. the United States entered World War I. d. the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt. e. Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters. ANS: A REF: p. 674 85. In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised a. not to sink passenger ships. b. to maintain the territorial integrity of France. c. to halt its naval blockade of Britain. d. to halt all submarine warfare. e. not to sink passenger ships without warning. ANS: E REF: p. 674 86. The dangerous proviso that Germany attached to its Sussex pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping was the requirement that a. Americans would have to refrain from sailing on British-owned passenger ships. b. U-Boats could capture merchant vessels if the submarines surfaced. c. the Americans would have to guarantee that passenger vessels were not secretly carrying military supplies. d. the United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany or submarine warfare would be resumed. e. Woodrow Wilson would have to seek a fair, negotiated settlement of the war. ANS: D REF: p. 674 87. When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the a. East Coast. b. working class and former Progressive Bull Moose party members. c. business community. d. prowar members of both parties. e. new women voters. ANS: B REF: p. 674-675 88. Historians attempting to define who the progressives were have reached all of the following (and varying) conclusions except a. they were rabble-rousing foreigners who sought to change the American system. b. they were middle-class people threatened by both the emerging power of corporations and the restless working class. c. they were established business leaders who successfully directed reform to their own purposes. d. they were members of a self-confident new group that saw science and technology as a way to rationalize and modernize social institutions. e. they were women and feminists who sought to improve society via the creation of a welfare state. ANS: A REF: p. 675-676 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 89. In the 1912 presidential election a. the incumbent President Taft finished third in the balloting. b. the Democrats won both the presidency and control of Congress. c. the winner, Woodrow Wilson, attracted just over 40 percent of the popular vote. d. a third-party candidate won the presidency for the only time in American history. e. the Socialist party candidate Eugene Debs finished third in the popular vote. ANS: A, B, C REF: p. 663 90. Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson tended to a. favor progressive reform. b. lack the common touch. c. find it difficult to compromise. d. believe that the president should defer to congressional leadership. e. be uninterested in ideas. ANS: B, C REF: p. 664 91. Upon becoming president, Woodrow Wilson launched an attack on the "triple wall of privilege," which he said consisted of a. high tariffs. b. racial discrimination. c. powerful monopolistic trusts. d. conservative banking practices. e. exclusive private social clubs. ANS: A, C, D REF: p. 664 92. President Wilson's legal attack on anticompetitive and unfair business practices was implemented by passage of the a. Jones Act. b. Federal Trade Commission Act. c. Clayton Act. d. Adamson Act. e. Federal Reserve Act. ANS: B, C REF: p. 666 93. The twelve regional banks created by the Federal Reserve Act were a. unable to meet the monetary demands of business expansion. b. regulated by the Federal Reserve Board. c. owned by private banks. d. subject to state banking regulation. e. authorized to issue their own paper money. ANS: B, C REF: p. 665 94. The flood of progressive legislation during Wilson's first term included laws to a. provide disability assistance to civil-service workers. b. establish the eight-hour day for interstate railroad workers. c. end discrimination against black employees of the federal government. d. provide credit and low-interest loans to farmers. e. establish decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. ANS: A, B, D, E REF: p. 666 ESSAY 95. Compare and contrast Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom programs. Which seems to you to be the more realistic response to industrialization? Why? ANS: Student answers will vary. 96. Compare the issues and candidates in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916. Account for Wilson's victory in each case. ANS: Student answers will vary. 97. What were the strengths and weaknesses of Woodrow Wilson's strong personality in achieving his political goals? ANS: Student answers will vary. 98. What were the most important of Wilson's progressive reforms? Was Wilson actually a more effective progressive than Theodore Roosevelt? Why or why not? ANS: Student answers will vary. 99. It has been said that despite his intentions and idealistic pronouncements, Woodrow Wilson's Latin American and Caribbean policies were just as imperialistic as those of Theodore Roosevelt. Do you agree? Why or why not? ANS: Student answers will vary. 100. Assess America's policy of neutrality at the outset of World War I. Consider both Wilson's policies in regard to Britain and Germany and the sentiments of the American public. Were we "neutral in thought as well as deed"? Explain. ANS: Student answers will vary. 101. Critically evaluate Woodrow Wilson's personal qualities as they affected his conduct of foreign policy. How did his strong belief in promoting morality and democracy in other countries emerge from his own view of the world? ANS: Student answers will vary. 102. Assess Wilson's conduct of foreign policy from 1914 to 1917. Do you think that he could have pursued a different course that would have kept the United States out of the war? Should he have? Why or why not? ANS: Student answers will vary. 103. In the 1930s, many Americans came to believe that American business and arms manufacturers had engaged in a conspiracy to get the United States into World War I. Is there any evidence to support such a view? In what ways did American business actually benefit from U.S. neutrality in the war? ANS: Student answers will vary. 104. Wilson once remarked that he was "going to teach the South American republics to elect good men." Do you think that this was a proper function for the president of the United States? Why or why not? Use U.S. relations with Mexico to illustrate your view. ANS: Student answers will vary. 105. Based on "Varying Viewpoints," why do historians disagree so strongly about "who were the progressives"? Which interpretations of American progressivism seem most persuasive? Why? ANS: Student answers will vary.