Ch06 The Search for Objectives.docx

Chapter 6 The Search for Objectives TRUE/FALSE The postulates and principles approach was concerned with user objectives. ANS: F Several important committee reports gave rise to objectives and standards in place of the postulates and principles approach. ANS: T “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) assumed that the evaluative framework of standards and guidelines was dependent upon the objectives of accounting. ANS: F The purpose of ASOBAT was to refine the objectives of financial statements as a part of a metatheoretical structure. ANS: F Moonitz felt that APB Statement 4 should have been issued as an opinion rather than as a statement because departures from GAAP made in a statement did not have to be disclosed. ANS: T APB Statement No. 4 acknowledges a conflict between the relevance and reliability objectives. ANS: T Relevance is considered the most important of the qualitative objectives of APB Statement 4. ANS: F APB Statement 4 adopted a very strong emphasis on the diversity of users. ANS: T APB Statement 4 was in agreement with ASOBAT that financial statements should be oriented toward a limited group of users. ANS: F According to APB Statement 4, basic accounting terminology is defined by whatever is being done in practice. ANS: T Large parts of APB Statement 4 are restatements of the conventional wisdom of the time. ANS: T The Trueblood report noted that during the short run cash flows are a better predictor of cash-generating power than are earnings. ANS: F In the Trueblood Committee Report, the meaning of the word accountability is limited to the functions of safekeeping of assets and ensuring that they are used in accordance with investors’ purposes. ANS: F According to the Trueblood Committee Report, current values should be reported when they differ significantly from historical costs. ANS: T The purpose of SATTA was to provide a survey of the current financial accounting literature and a statement of where the profession stood relative to accounting theory. ANS: T The decision-usefulness approach is one of the classical approaches to accounting theory mentioned in SATTA. ANS: F The overriding message of SATTA is that current-cost should be accepted as the dominate valuation system. ANS: F A problem brought up by SATTA is the diversity of users in terms of their decisions and their possible different information needs. ANS: T Accounting information is determined by supply and demand. ANS: F Empirical research has proven that user needs are heterogeneous. ANS: F Accountability refers to the responsibility of management to report on achieving goals for the effective and efficient utilization of enterprise resources. ANS: T Measurements based on the accountability objective would include earnings per share but not return on investment. ANS: F The main problem standing in the way of newer information approaches is the perceived competitive disadvantage of making public matters that management would prefer to keep secret. ANS: T The first statement to address the issue of user objectives extensively was ASOBAT. ANS: F SATTA expressed the opinion that choice among accounting theories could not be made at the time because of the diversity of users and their presumably different objectives and information needs. ANS: T MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following bodies did not publish one of the important committee reports and documents that lead to accounting objectives and standards? a. AAA b. AICPA c. APB d. CAP XXXXX Which of the following organizations published “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report)? a. AAA b. AICPA XXXXX c. APB d. CAP Which of the following organizations published “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT)? a. AAA XXXXX b. AICPA c. APB d. CAP Which of the following documents stated fundamental concepts of financial reporting that would serve as a foundation for the opinions of the APB? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) XXXXX c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) Which of the following documents contained a definition of accounting that fortified the perception of the accountant as a learned professional whose presentation must be accepted by those who do not have his qualifications and credentials? a. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) b. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) c. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) d. “Accounting Terminology Bulletin No. 1” XXXXX Which of the following documents defined accounting as a service activity whose function is “to provide quantitative information… that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions”? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) XXXXX c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting theory” (ASOBAT) d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) Which of the following documents first stated that users of financial statements should be knowledgeable and should understand the characteristics and limitations of financial statements? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) XXXXX c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) (ASOBAT) emphasized which of the following in its definition of accounting? a. The creative ability of the accountant b. The work and skill of the accountant c. The needs of the users of accounting information XXXXX d. Recording transactions Which of the following was not a goal of (ASOBAT)? a. To identify the field of accounting so that useful generalizations about it could be made and a theory developed. b. To establish standards by which accounting information might be judged. c. To point out possible improvements in accounting practice. d. To emphasize the creative skill and ability of the accountant, whose presentation should be accepted by those who do not have his or her qualifications and credentials. XXXXX Which of the following is not one of the four objectives of accounting given by (ASOBAT)? a. To make decisions concerning the use of limited resources (including the identification of crucial decision areas) and to determine objectives and goals. b. To direct and control an organization’s human and material resources effectively. c. To relate the evaluative framework of standards and guidelines to the objectives themselves. XXXXX d. To facilitate social functions and controls. Which of the following set of standards is at the heart (ASOBAT)? a. Relevance, Verifiability, Objectivity, Usefulness b. Relevance, Verifiability, Freedom from bias, Quantifiability XXXXX c. Reliability, Verifiability, Freedom from Bias, Quantifiability d. Relevance, Usefulness, Freedom from Bias, Objectivity Which of the following is not a problem of APB Statement 4 mentioned in the text? a. It is questionable whether the objectives can be implemented by means of the various principles derived from the existing body of accounting. b. It contains a loosely worded set of definitions. c. It attempts to be all things to all people. d. It does not state important evolutionary changes that had begun to occur. XXXXX Which of the following standards is related to measurement theory? a. Quantifiability XXXXX b. Freedom from Bias c. Usefulness d. Objectivity Which of the following standards is related to the qualitative characteristic of neutrality? a. Quantifiability b. Freedom from Bias XXXXX c. Usefulness d. Objectivity Which of the following statements is not true regarding the Trueblood Committee? a. It was formed at a time when the APB was under heavy criticism. b. It was formed when very little progress was being made in terms of reformulating the structure of accounting theory. XXXXX c. It was charged with using APB Statement 4 as a vehicle for refining the objective of financial statements. d. It enumerated a total of twelve objectives of financial accounting. According to Sorter and Gans, which of the following describes the intent of the Trueblood Committee Report’s second financial statement objective? a. Financial statements should serve those with limited ability. b. Financial statements should serve special needs of specific users. c. Financial statements should serve the general needs of users. XXXXX d. Financial statements should serve only those users who are very knowledgeable about financial statements and information. Accounting to the text, “limited ability” in the Trueblood Committee Report’s second financial statement objective may refer to: a. Full disclosure. XXXXX b. Financial statements designed to meet the special needs of specific users. c. Serving users with specific limitations. d. Both a and b. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Trueblood Committee Report? a. It expresses the belief that different valuation bases are appropriate for different assets and liabilities. XXXXX b. It is concerned with guaranteeing additivity of asset and liability amounts. c. It expresses the belief that the same valuation base should be used for all assets and all liabilities. d. Both b and c. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the Trueblood Committee Report? a. It emphasizes the importance of cash flows to users. b. It emphasizes the relation of earning-power measurements to the generation of future cash flows. c. Its earning-power orientation to income is grounded in the notion that in computing economic income, future cash flows should not be discounted to present value. XXXXX d. Its objectives represented an important step taken toward establishing a meaningful conceptual framework of objectives. Which of the following is not true regarding SATTA? a. It attempted to develop metatheoretical guidelines for the evaluation of accounting information and valuation systems. XXXXX b. It took into account the many valuation systems of accounting as well as other theoretical considerations. c. It enumerated the reasons why it was impossible to develop criteria that would enable the profession to unequivocally accept a single valuation system for accounting. d. It was commissioned by the AAA. What was the purpose of SATTA? a. To develop standards for accounting. b. To determine an appropriate valuation system for financial statements. c. To provide a survey of the current financial accounting literature and a statement of where the profession stood relative to accounting theory. XXXXX d. To develop metatheoretical guidelines for the evaluation of accounting information and valuation systems. for which of the following areas is broad information applicable to many user groups? a. Predictive ability b. Accountability c. Both a and b XXXXX d. None of the above Which of the following is true regarding the predictive ability of accounting data? a. The predictive ability objective is validated by market efficiency. XXXXX b. Previous studies have indicated that historical cost income is not as good a predictor of itself as general price-level-adjusted income or current value income. c. Studies have found that income measurement methods that have the greatest predictive ability are also best in terms of most other objectives. d. Predictive ability is the same as the quantifiability standard of ASOBAT. Which of the following statements is true regarding accountability? a. Accountability refers to a narrower concept than does stewardship. b. Measurements based on the accountability objective include earnings per share but not return on investment. c. The question of which valuation system provides the best input for accountability-oriented measurement is unimportant. d. Accountability refers to the responsibility of management to report on achieving goals for the effective and efficient utilization of enterprise resources. XXXXX What is the most common thread running through various documents, reports, and monographs discussed in the text? a. The historical cost method of income measurement is as good a predictor of itself as other methods. b. Financial statements should be relevant to users for decision-making purposes. XXXXX c. Earning-power measurements are essential to the prediction of future cash flows. d. The same valuation base should be used for all assets and all liabilities. Which of the following documents was the first to be based on an orientation toward user relevance? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) XXXXX d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) Which of the following documents was the first to address the issue of user objectives extensively? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) XXXXX b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) Which of the following documents expressed the opinion that a choice among accounting valuation systems could not be made because of the diversity of users? a. “Objectives of Financial Statements” (Trueblood Committee Report) b. “Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises” (APB Statement 4) c. “A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory” (ASOBAT) d. “Statement of Accounting Theory and Theory Acceptance” (SATTA) XXXXX The major objectives of financial statements are: a. Capital maintenance measurement and adaptability b. Accountability and adaptability c. Predictive ability and accountability XXXXX d. Capital maintenance and predictive ability The secondary objectives of financial statements are: a. Capital maintenance measurement and adaptability XXXXX b. Accountability and adaptability c. Predictive ability and accountability d. Capital maintenance and predictive ability ESSAY QUESTIONS How did the definition of accounting change from the period before ASOBAT to the issuance of SATTA in 1977? ANSWER: Prior to ASOBAT, the most widely disseminated definition of accounting was used in 1953 in Accounting Terminology Bulletin No. 1, which emphasized the work and skill of the accountant. This definition fortified the perception of the accountant as a learned professional whose presentation must be accepted by those who do not have his qualifications and credentials. Virtually no mention was made of the user of accounting information. ASOBAT’s definition of accounting represented a fundamental departure from the past by addressing the users of accounting information and their needs. It defined accounting as “…the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.” APB Statement 4 started by defining accounting along the newer, user-oriented track that ASOBAT took. APB 4 then went further than ASOBAT by stating that users of financial statements should be knowledgeable and should understand the characteristics and limitations of financial statements. Both ASOBAT and APB Statement 4 recognized the fact that many user groups require information for decision-making purposes. One of the ASOBAT’s reactions to this problem was to call for multiple measures. The Trueblood Report, on the other hand, established the premise that while there are different user groups, they make similar decisions and have similar information needs. SATTA was more pessimistic than the Trueblood Report and concluded that while there is a large degree of user homogeneity among high users, there is much less homogeneity among other users. List and define the four standards for evaluating accounting that are at the heart of ASOBAT. ANSWER: The four standards at the heart of ASOBAT are: (1) Relevance pertains to usefulness in making the decision at hand. (2) Verifiability is synonymous with objectivity and refers to the degree of statistical consensus among measurers. (3) Freedom from bias refers to neutrality in the preparation of financial statements. (4) Quantifiability refers to the ability to be measured. Identify the major contributions of APB Statement 4. ANSWER: The major contributions of APB Statement 4 are: (1) It defined accounting along the user-oriented track taken by ASOBAT. (2) It adopted ASOBAT’s very strong emphasis on the diversity of users, but went further by stating the users of financial statements should be knowledgeable and should understand the characteristics and limitations of financial statements. (3) It viewed financial statements as being general purpose in nature as opposed to oriented toward a limited group of users. (4) It noted that accounting is a measurement discipline. (5) The qualitative objectives identified consist of relevance, understandability, verifiability, neutrality, timeliness, comparability, and completeness. These would later appear as qualitative characteristics in the conceptual framework. The statement concurs with ASOBAT on possible conflict among objectives. (6) It concentrated on developing the user-oriented approach. (7) The pervasive principles and modifying conventions in the section on generally accepted accounting principles consist of those concepts that constitute the heart of the system of historical costing. a. What is the decision-usefulness approach to accounting theory? b. What are the characteristics and limitations of the decision-model approach? c. What are the characteristics of the decision-maker approach? ANSWER: a. The decision-usefulness approach is a contemporary approach to accounting theory that has concentrated on users of accounting reports, their decisions, information needs, and information-processing abilities. This approach has been further dichotomized into decision models and decision-makers. b. The characteristics of the decision-model approach are: (1) They are normative and deductive. (2) Some form of relevance for particular decisions by a particular user group or groups is stressed. (3) The relevance criterion is instrumental in measuring the selected attributes of assets, liabilities, and income transactions. Since decision-model approaches are deemed appropriate for communicating extremely relevant information for decision-making, an argument can be made that users must be educated to understand the method. c. The decision-maker approach is descriptive and inductive. It attempts to find out what information is actually used or desired. The assumption being that the information that is desired should be supplied. Identify and explain the two primary objectives of financial statements and the two secondary objectives of financial statements. ANSWER: The two primary objectives of financial statements are predictive ability and accountability. Predictive ability refers to the usefulness of accounting data as an aid to predicting future variables. Accountability refers to the responsibility of management to report on achieving goals for the effective and efficient utilization of enterprise resources. The two secondary objectives of financial statements are capital maintenance and adaptability. A measure of capital maintenance gives information about the amount of dividends that can be paid during a period without returning capital to the stockholders. Adaptability is concerned with measuring total liquidity available to the firm. This is determined by measuring the exit value of the firm’s assets minus its liabilities. a. List some of the possible groups of financial statement users. b. What is meant by “user diversity,” and does user diversity create a potential problem? ANSWER: a. Possible user groups include: (1) Shareholders (actual and potential) (2) Creditors (3) Financial analysts and advisers (4) Employees (5) Labor unions (6) Customers (7) Suppliers (8) Industry trade associations (9) Governmental agencies (10) Public interest groups (11) Researchers and standard setters b. User diversity refers to the fact that different users have different types of objectives. For example, actual shareholders probably desire information that would maximize security values, whereas potential shareholders would prefer information that would minimize security values. This creates a potential problem because it is not clear whether the information needs of the various types of objectives can be satisfied by genera-purpose financial statements. However, despite the heterogeneity of groups of users as well as within groups, empirical research has not proven that the groups have strongly differentiated information needs.