History of Respiratory Care.docx

Fundamentals of Respiratory Care History of Respiratory Care MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT an expected role of a respiratory therapist? a. promoting lung health and wellness b. providing patient education c. assessing the patient’s cardiopulmonary health status d. selling oxygen therapy devices to patients ANS: D Respiratory care includes the assessment, treatment, management, control, diagnostic evaluation, education, and care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities of the cardiopulmonary system. Respiratory care is increasingly involved in the prevention of respiratory disease, the management of patients with chronic disease, and promotion of health and wellness. 2. Where are the majority of respiratory therapists employed? a. skilled nursing facilities b. diagnostic laboratories c. hospitals or acute care settings d. outpatient physician offices ANS: C About 75% of all respiratory therapists work in hospitals or other acute care settings. 3. Who is considered to be the “father of medicine”? a. Hippocrates b. Galen c. Erasistratus d. Aristotle ANS: A The foundation of modern Western medicine was laid in ancient Greece with the development of the Hippocratic Corpus. This collection of ancient medical writings is attributed to the “father of medicine,” Hippocrates, a Greek physician who lived during the fifth and fourth centuries BC. 4. In 1662, a chemist published a book that described the relationship between gas, volume, and pressure. What was the chemist’s name? a. Sir Isaac Newton b. Robert Boyle c. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek d. Nicolaus Copernicus ANS: B The chemist, Robert Boyle, published what is now known as “Boyle’s law,” governing the relationship between gas volume and pressure. REF: p. 7 5. Who discovered oxygen in 1774 and described it as “dephlogisticated air”? a. Robert Boyle b. Jacque Charles c. Thomas Beddoes d. Joseph Priestley ANS: D In 1774, Joseph Priestley described his discovery of oxygen, which he called “dephlogisticated air.” 6. Who is credited with first describing the law of partial pressures for a gas mixture? a. John Dalton b. Joseph Prestley c. Jacque Charles d. Thomas Young ANS: A John Dalton described his law of partial pressures for a gas mixture in 1801 and his atomic theory in 1808. 7. Who was the first scientist in 1865 to suggest that many diseases were caused by microorganisms? a. Thomas Young b. Louis Pasteur c. Henry Graham d. Robert Koch ANS: B In 1865, Louis Pasteur advanced his “germ theory” of disease, which held that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. 8. Who discovered the x-ray and opened the door for the modern field of radiology? a. John Dalton b. William Smith c. William Roentgen d. Thomas Young ANS: C In 1895, William Roentgen discovered the x-ray and the modern field of radiologic imaging sciences was born. 9. What was the primary duty of the first inhalation therapists? a. provide airway care b. support oxygen therapy c. aerosol therapy to patients d. maintain patients on mechanical ventilation ANS: B The first inhalation therapists were really just oxygen technicians. 10. When did the designation “respiratory therapist” become standard? a. 1954 b. 1964 c. 1974 d. 1984 ANS: C In 1974, the designation “respiratory therapist” became standard. 11. Who was the first to develop the large-scale production of oxygen in 1907? a. Robert Dalton b. David Boyle c. Thomas Anderson d. Karl von Linde ANS: D Large-scale production of oxygen was developed by Karl von Linde in 1907. REF: p. 9 12. When was the first Ventimask introduced that allows the precise delivery of 24%, 28%, 35%, and 40% oxygen? a. 1945 b. 1954 c. 1960 d. 1972 ANS: C The Campbell Ventimask, which allowed the administration of 24%, 28%, 35%, or 40% oxygen, was introduced in 1960. REF: p. 9 13. When were aerosolized glucocorticoids for the maintenance of patients with moderate to severe asthma first introduced? a. in the 1950s b. in the 1960s c. in the 1970s d. in the 1980s ANS: C The use of aerosolized glucocorticoids for the maintenance of patients with moderate to severe asthma began in the 1970s. REF: p. 9 14. Which of the following medications has NOT been delivered as an aerosol by a respiratory therapist? a. inotropics b. bronchodilators c. mucolytics d. antibiotics ANS: A There has been a proliferation of medications designed for aerosol administration, including bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. REF: p. 9 15. Which two names are linked with the development of the iron lung, which was extensively used to treat the polio epidemic in the 1950s? a. Allison and Smyth b. Drinker and Emerson c. Drager and Bennett d. Byrd and Tyler ANS: B The iron lung was developed by Drinker, an engineer at Harvard University. Jack H. Emerson developed a commercial version of the iron lung that was used extensively during the polio epidemics of the 1930s and 1950s. REF: p. 9 16. Which of the following was one of the first positive-pressure ventilators developed? a. MA-1 b. Bird Mark 7 c. Dräger Pulmotor d. Engstrom ANS: C Early positive-pressure ventilators included the Dräger Pulmotor (1911), the Spiropulsator (1934), the Bennett TV-2P (1948), the Morch Piston Ventilator (1952), and the Bird Mark 7 (1958). REF: p. 10 17. When was positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) first introduced to treat patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome? a. 1935 b. 1946 c. 1958 d. 1967 ANS: D Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was introduced for use in patients with ARDS in 1967. REF: p. 10 18. When was synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) first introduced? a. 1975 b. 1985 c. 1995 d. 2005 ANS: A SIMV was introduced in 1975 REF: p. 10 19. Who introduced the first laryngoscope, in 1913? a. Thomas Allen b. Chevalier Jackson c. Jack Emerson d. Forrest Bird ANS: B In 1913, the laryngoscope was introduced by Chevalier Jackson. REF: p. 11 20. Who introduced the use of soft rubber endotracheal tubes around 1930? a. Davidson b. McGill c. Haight d. Murphy ANS: B Ivan McGill introduced the use of soft rubber endotracheal tubes. REF: p. 11 21. In 1846, who developed a water seal spirometer, which allowed accurate measurement of the patient’s vital capacity? a. Hutchinson b. Strohl c. Tiffeneau d. Davis ANS: A In 1846, John Hutchinson developed a water seal spirometer, with which he measured the vital capacity. REF: p. 11 22. What was the name of the first professional organization for the field of respiratory care? a. American Association for Inhalation Therapy b. National Organization for Inhalation Therapy c. Inhalation Therapy Association d. Better Breathers Organization ANS: C Founded in 1947 in Chicago, the Inhalational Therapy Association (ITA) was the first professional association for the field of respiratory care. REF: p. 11 23. In what year did the respiratory care professional organization American Association for Respiratory Therapy (ARRT) change its name to American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC)? a. 1954 b. 1966 c. 1975 d. 1982 ANS: D The ITA became the American Association for Inhalation Therapists (AAIT) in 1954, the American Association for Respiratory Therapy (ARRT) in 1973, and the AARC in 1982. REF: p. 11 24. What organization has developed an examination to enable respiratory therapists to become licensed? a. American Respiratory Care Board b. National Board for Respiratory Care c. American Association for Respiratory Care d. National Organization for Respiratory Therapist ANS: B During the 1980s, the AARC began a major push to introduce state licensure for respiratory care practitioners based on the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) credentials. REF: p. 12 25. Today, respiratory care educational programs in the United States are accredited by what organization? a. National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) b. American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) c. Committee on Accreditation for Respiratory Care (CoARC) d. Joint Review Committee for Respiratory Therapy Education (JRCRTE) ANS: C Today, respiratory care educational programs in the United States are accredited by the CoARC. REF: p. 14 26. The majority of respiratory care education programs in the United States offer what degree? a. associate’s degree b. bachelor’s degree c. master’s degree d. none of the above ANS: A There are approximately 300 associate, 50 baccalaureate, and 3 graduate-level degree programs in the United States. REF: p. 14 27. Which of the following is NOT predicted to be a growing trend in respiratory care for the future? a. greater use of respiratory therapy protocols b. increased need for patient assessment skills c. increased involvement in smoking cessation programs d. increased use of intravascular lines for patient monitoring ANS: D Dr. David Pierson, a prominent pulmonary physician, described the future of respiratory care in 2001. Among other things, he predicted greater use of patient assessment and protocols in disease state management in all clinical settings; a more active role for respiratory therapists in palliative care; increasing emphasis on smoking cessation and prevention; early detection and intervention in COPD; and an increase in the use of respiratory therapists as coordinators and care givers for home care. REF: p. 15 28. How is the education of respiratory therapists expected to change over the next decade? a. stay about the same b. decrease c. increase d. unknown ANS: C The development of the respiratory therapist as physician extender will require increasing the number of respiratory therapists with advanced levels of education. REF: p. 17 29. All of the following are true regarding the American Association of Respiratory Care (AARC), except: a. It serves as an advocate for the profession to legislative and regulatory bodies. b. Thousands of Respiratory Care Practitioners (RCP’s) are members. c. It has normal affiliations with all 50 state respiratory societies. d. It determines if graduating students are competent to practice. ANS: D State licensing laws set the minimum educational requirements and the method of determining competence to practice. REF: p. 12 30. How is competency to practice Respiratory Care determined? a. achievement of good grades in school and graduating from an approved program b. applying for a state license c. only by graduating from a CoARC approved program d. obtaining a passing grade on a credentialing exam administered by the NBRC after graduation from a CoARC approved program ANS: D State licensing laws set the minimum educational requirements and the method of determining competence to practice. REF: p. 12 31. Due to the aging of the majority of the population, all of the following will be the focus of the Respiratory Therapist of the future, except: a. verifying insurance information b. disease management and rehabilitation c. patient and family education d. tobacco education and smoking cessation ANS: A In the future, there will be an increase in demand for respiratory care due to advances in treatment and technology, increases in the aging of the population, and increases in the number of people with asthma, COPD, and other cardiopulmonary diseases. Due to this the RT of the future will be focused on patient assessment, care plan development, protocol administration, disease management and rehabilitation, and patient and family education, to include tobacco education and smoking cessation. 32. According to the AARC’s “2015 and Beyond” project, all of the following are included in the seven major competencies required by Respiratory Therapists by the Year 2015 except: a. chronic disease state management b. bronchoscopy c. evidence-based medicine and respiratory care protocols d. leadership ANS: B According to the AARC’s “2015 and Beyond” project, the seven major competencies required by Respiratory Therapists by the Year 2015 will be, diagnostics, chronic disease state management, evidence-based medicine and respiratory care protocols, patient assessment, leadership, emergency and critical care, and therapeutics.