On a subtest of a standardized test, Nikki gets 45 items correct of a possible 50. Of the following, the most valid conclusion is:
A) Nikki has raw score of 45.
B) Nikki is in stanine 9.
C) Nikki is in the 90th percentile (45/50 = 90%).
D) Nikki has a raw score of 90.
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Bud is becoming argumentative about several of the items on the test Ms. Williams, his teacher, just returned. He asserts that the test wasn't fair, because many of the items were "tricky." His arguments are disrupting the discussion of the test. Of the following, the most effective response to Bud's arguing would be to:
A) tell Bud that his behavior is inappropriate. Then tell him that you are going to refer him to the school counselor for evaluation.
B) tell him to come in after school and discuss any of the items for as long as he chooses to do so. Then, stop any discussion about the "trickiness" of the test.
C) ask Bud what was troubling him. Then try to meet his emotional needs on a personal level.
D) remind Bud that he didn't have the right to disrupt learning for the other students. Then apply an appropriate punishment.
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Ron Cheek begins each of his lessons with a problem, question, or overview. "This is what we're going to focus on today," he routinely says. The variable in the Model for Promoting Student Motivation that best relates to his effort is:
A) introductory focus.
B) challenge.
C) involvement.
D) task comprehension.
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At what grade level is a student's tendency to adopt performance goals likely to be the highest?
A) 5-8
B) 9-12
C) 1-4
D) Kindergarten
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Robert continues to improve in spelling because he has been receiving happy-face stickers when his scores on spelling quizzes improve. Of the following, which is the best description of the happy-face stickers?
A) They are forms of response cost.
B) They are positive reinforcers.
C) They are negative reinforcers.
D) They are conditioned stimuli.
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Six guidelines for applying information processing and the model of human memory with students were offered in the chapter. Which of the following is not one of those guidelines?
A) Develop learners' background knowledge with high quality-representations of content.
B) Reinforce students for insightful responses to questions.
C) Conduct reviews to activate schemas and check perceptions.
D) Interact with students to promote cognitive activity and reduce cognitive load.
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Jennifer was born hearing impaired, which was diagnosed when she was an infant. She has been wearing a hearing aid since she was 2 years old, and her hearing impairment hasn't affected her school achievement. Of the following, which best describes Jennifer's condition?
A) She has a disability but not a handicap.
B) She has a disorder and a handicap.
C) She has a disability and a handicap.
D) She has neither a disability nor a handicap.
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Of the following, the most central features of Kohlberg's research technique are:
A) ethics.
B) identity crises.
C) moral dilemmas.
D) stages.
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