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Case 1: The outgroups help resolve the polytomy

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If species 1 and 2 are sister groups, we can explain the observed traits with a single evolutionary event (A). If species 2 and 3 are sister groups, we require two evolutionary events, either (B) two independent arisals of dark coloration, or (C) both the evolution of dark coloration early, with a subsequent reversion to light coloration in one lineage later. Red arrows indicate evolutionary changes in the trait.01 = outgroup 1; 02 = outgroup 2.
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