The best advice for those considering retaking the SAT is that if your score was below average you probably ____ retake the test, and if your score was above average you probably ____ retake the test due to _____.
a. should; should; mortality
b. should; should not; regression to the mean
c. should not; should; regression to the mean
d. should; should not; mortality
After grading 20 very poor term papers, Professor Jones was so upset by his students' writing that he became even more conscious of errors in their papers. Professor Jones' change in his grading criteria is similar to the confound of:
a. mortality.
b. history.
c. instrumentation.
d. diffusion of treatment.
A decline in performance due to repeated testing is to an improvement in performance due to repeated testing as a ____ effect is to a _____ effect.
a. instrumentation; mortality
b. mortality; instrumentation
c. practice; fatigue
d. fatigue; practice
John conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program. The experiment took place over a one-month time period. Subjects in the control group and the experimental group (those who participated in the smoking cessation program) recorded the number of cigarettes that they smoked each day. John was unaware that national stop-smoking week also happened to take place during the one-month time period of his experiment. John's experiment is now confounded by:
a. maturation.
b. history.
c. regression to the mean.
d. mortality.
Changes that occur naturally in the subjects, over time could result in the confound of:
a. history.
b. maturation.
c. regression to the mean.
d. diffusion of treatment.
Internal validity is:
a. the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the dependent variable, rather than to some confounding variable.
b. the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than to some confounding variable.
c. the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized.
d. both b and c
Using the same subjects in each condition in an experiment is to using different subjects in each condition in an experiment as _____ is to _____.
a. between-subjects design; within-subjects design
b. control group; experimental group
c. within-subjects design; between-subjects design
d. experimental group; control group
To say that an experiment contains a confound means that:
a. different participants are assigned to each group.
b. the dependent variable is measured.
c. the independent variable is manipulated.
d. there is an uncontrolled extraneous variable in the experiment.
In an experimental study on the effects of exercise on stress, subjects are randomly assigned to either the no exercise group or the exercise group. These groups represent the _____ and the _____, respectively.
a. independent variable; dependent variable
b. dependent variable; independent variable
c. control group; experimental group
d. experimental group; control group
In an experimental study on the effects of exercise on stress, exercise is the _____.
a. dependent variable
b. independent variable
c. control group
d. experimental group
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