Describe what is known about the relationship between protein intakes (both low and high) and bone ...

Answer to #1

The mineral crystals of bone form on a protein matrixcollagen. Restoring protein sources to a low-protein diet can often improve bone status and reduce the incidence of hip fractures even in the elderly. However, a diet lacking protein no doubt also lacks energy and other critical bone nutrients, so restoring a nutritious diet overall may be of highest importance. An opposite possibility, that a high-protein diet causes bone loss, has also been explored, but study results are inconsistent. Excess dietary protein causes urinary calcium losses, but a diet also high in fruits and vegetables may oppose this effect, producing no net calcium loss from bone.

Answer to #2

Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are not one and the same, though they often occur together. Iron deficiency develops in stages, and the distinction between iron deficiency and its anemia is a matter of degree. People may be iron deficient, meaning that they have depleted iron stores, without being anemic; with worsening iron deficiency, they may become anemic. A body severely deprived of iron becomes unable to make enough hemoglobin to fill new blood cells, and anemia results. A sample of iron-deficient blood examined under a microscope shows cells that are smaller and lighter red than normal. These cells contain too little hemoglobin to deliver sufficient oxygen to the tissues. As iron deficiency limits the cells' oxygen and energy metabolism, the person develops fatigue, apathy, and a tendency to feel cold. The blood's lower concentration of its red pigment hemoglobin also explains the pale appearance of fair-skinned iron-deficient people and the paleness of the normally pink tongue and eyelid linings of those with darker skin.

Answer to #3

A proven eating pattern that can help people to reduce their sodium and increase their potassium intakes, and thereby often reduce their blood pressure, is DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension). This pattern calls for greatly increased intakes of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables, with adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products. At the same time, red meat, butter, other high-fat foods, and sweets are held to occasional small portions.

Answer to #4

The relationship between salt intake and blood pressure is directas chronic sodium intakes increase, blood pressure rises in a stepwise fashion. Once hypertension sets in, the risk of death from stroke and heart disease climbs steeply. High intakes of salt among the world's people correlate with high rates of hypertension, heart disease, and strokes. Over time, a high-salt diet may damage the linings of blood vessels in ways that make hypertension likely to develop. People who need to reduce their blood pressure for their health's sake are urged to cut their sodium intake. People with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should take in no more than 1,500 milligrams per day because this level of restriction often lowers blood pressure. Even without meeting the recommended levels, reducing sodium by at least 1,000 milligrams per day reduces blood pressure. This is a worthy goalhypertension is a leading cause of death and disability in this country.

Answer to #5

From birth to about age 20, the bones are actively growing. Between the ages of 12 and 30 years, the bones achieve their maximum mineral density for lifethe peak bone mass. Beyond those years, bone resorption exceeds bone formation, and bones lose density. Some bone loss is an inevitable consequence of aging. Sometime around age 30, the skeleton no longer adds significantly to bone density. After about age 40, regardless of calcium intake, bones begin to lose density.

Answer to #6

c

Answer to #7

a

Answer to #8

d

Answer to #9

b

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