A high negative correlation was found between days absent from school and grade achievement for ...

A high negative correlation was found between days absent from school and grade achievement for middle school students. This finding means that
 
  a. absence from school causes low achievement.
  b. students who miss school more often tend to make lower grades than students who attend regularly.
  c. low achievement causes high absence from school.
  d. measures on the two variables do not tend to covary.

Ques. 2

Under which of the following conditions would one expect multiple correlation coefficients to show relatively large shrinkage?
 
  a. When the original sample is small b. When the original sample is large