The growth of a new plant on the margin of a leaf that eventually falls to the ground and grows ...

The growth of a new plant on the margin of a leaf that eventually falls to the ground and grows
  independently is an example of
 
  a. fragmentation.
  b. protoplast fusion.
  c. somaclonal section.
  d. grafting.
  e. apomixis.

Question 2

Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the root-shoot axis is established
 
  a. by the first cell division of the embryo.
  b. within hours after the seed germinates.
  c. during the torpedo stage of embryonic development.
  d. shortly after the eight-cell embryo stage.
  e. by plant tissues breaking through the seed coat and making contact with soil.