Proximal goals provide clear markers of progress towards a distal goal because they result in more frequent feedback.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
143) Goal orientation refers to an individual’s goal preferences in achievement situations.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
144) The effect of group goal setting on performance is similar to the effect of individual goal setting.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
145) Motivation means working smart as well as working hard.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 155
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.1 Define “motivation,” discuss its basic properties, and distinguish it from “performance.”
146) When motivation is autonomous, individuals are engaged in a task because they choose to be.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation.
147) When motivation is controlled, individuals feel they have no choice and they have to engage in a task.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation.
148) After a few weeks on the job, you feel that your motivation is controlled because the boss is watching you.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation.
149) After a few weeks on the job, you feel that your motivation is autonomous because the work is interesting and fun.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation
150) General cognitive ability is an even better predictor of performance for more complex and higher-level jobs.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
151) Emotional intelligence is most important for the job performance of employees with lower levels of cognitive ability.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
152) Need theories are concerned with what motivates workers.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
153) In the classic goal setting study conducted at Weyerhaeuser Company, truck drivers were assigned a specific, challenging performance goal.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
154) When a task is straightforward, a specific, high performance goal results in higher performance than a do your best goal.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
155) A specific, high learning goal is more effective than a specific, high performance goal or a do your best goal when a task is novel.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
156) If you have just started a new job and must perform a complex task, then your boss should set a specific high learning goal.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
157) When individuals lack the knowledge or skills to perform a complex task effectively, a specific and challenging performance goal can decrease performance relative to a do your best goal.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
158) When a task is straightforward, a specific high performance goal results in higher performance than a do your best goal.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
159) Because of its flexibility, expectancy theory is the motivation theory that seems to hold up well or translate best across cultures.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.8 Discuss the cross-cultural limitations of theories of motivation.
160) Maslow developed a motivation theory that is hierarchical, meaning that one need must or might be filled before higher level needs can be filled.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
161) The text defines motivation as the extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.1 Define “motivation,” discuss its basic properties, and distinguish it from “performance.”
162) The text defines performance as the extent to which a member contributes to achieving the objectives of the organization.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
163) In Maslow's hierarchy, belongingness needs fall between esteem needs and safety needs.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
164) Belongingness needs in Maslow's hierarchy correspond most closely to relatedness needs in Alderfer's ERG theory.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
165. Bob gives his employees clear instructions and training and then gives them feedback to improve their performance. In expectancy theory terminology, he is boosting expectancy.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.5 Explain and discuss “expectancy theory.”
166) According to David McClelland, the most effective managers have a high need for power.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
167) Alice promises her employee a promotion if he can land a big contract. In expectancy theory terminology she is boosting instrumentality.
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.5 Explain and discuss “expectancy theory.”
168) A controversy exists as to whether the provision of extrinsic rewards for task performance might damage intrinsic motivation.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 155
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation.
169) People with a high need for achievement prefer to set moderately difficult goals.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
170) Lew's boss promised him more vacation days if he completed the project on time, but Lew said he just wasn't interested in vacation days. In expectancy theory terminology, Lew is talking about valence.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.5 Explain and discuss “expectancy theory.”
171) Clarence has been unable to establish friendly, supportive relationships at work. According to Alderfer's ERG theory, this may cause his existence needs to become stronger.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
172) Equity theory and expectancy theory are two prominent process theories of motivation.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.5 Explain and discuss “expectancy theory.”
173) Intrinsic motivation is self-applied and stems from a direct relationship between the person and the task.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 155
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.2 Compare and contrast “intrinsic” and “extrinsic motivation,” and describe self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation.
174) McClelland's need for affiliation corresponds most closely to Alderfer's relatedness needs.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
175) At his quarterly meeting, the sales rep met with his sales manager to discuss the next quarter and set the sales target. They both agreed on a number. This is the sales rep's distal goal for the quarter.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
176) After meeting with her sales manager, Susan began to break down her quarterly sales target into monthly and then weekly benchmarks. These are proximal goals.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
177) The theories of Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland are classified as need theories of motivation.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
178) According to David McClelland, a sales job is particularly suited to a person who is high in need for achievement.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.4 Explain and discuss “need theories” of motivation.
179) In collective cultures, equal rewards for all in spite of individual performance may be the preferred mode of compensation. This preference actually violates the prescriptions of equity theory.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.8 Discuss the cross-cultural limitations of theories of motivation.
180) Imagine workers who are underpaid on an hourly basis. According to equity theory, if these people remain employed their productivity will be low.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 169
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5.6 Explain and discuss “equity theory.”
181) General cognitive ability is a term used to refer to a person's basic information processing capabilities.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
182) General cognitive ability is a better predictor of performance for complex jobs.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
183) Perception of emotions is the first and most basic level of emotional intelligence.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
184) Management of emotions is the highest level of emotional intelligence.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
185) Emotional intelligence is particularly important in jobs that involve a lot of emotional labour.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.3 Explain and discuss the different factors that predict performance, and define general cognitive ability and emotional intelligence.
186) Specific goals are goals that specify an exact level of achievement for people to accomplish in a particular time frame.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
187) Specific and challenging goals are most beneficial when they are accompanied by ongoing feedback.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
188) Participation can improve performance by increasing the difficulty of the goals that employees adopt.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
189) Learning goals focus on knowledge and skill acquisition.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
190) Goal orientation is a stable individual difference.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
191) The mechanisms of goal setting include direction, effort, persistence, and task strategies.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 170
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5.7 Explain and discuss “goal setting theory,” “goal orientation,” and “proximal” and “distal” goals
192) Gordon Wong, the VP of Human Resources at Zeta Manufacturing, is concerned about the apparent lack of motivation among Zeta's employees. At a meeting with company executives, he proposes that workers' wages be immediately increased by 20% in order to improve motivation levels. Julia Franco, the VP of Operations disagrees. “If you throw more money at them, they will become even less motivated!” she exclaims. Who is correct? Explain your answer.
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