A portion of chapter six is dedicated to the connections between exploratory and explanatory research
designs.
It can be argued that the most salient link is the connection between research questions and
research hypotheses, and that this connection is reciprocal. Dudley highlights the connections as a
figure in chapter six. What shape is this figure?
a) Triangular
b) Circular
c) Square
d) Systems
Validity and reliability of data collection measures, similar to all research methods, is important in
survey research. Data needs to be consistent and accurate or the outcomes will produce skewed and
possibly useless knowledge.
What does not strengthen validity and reliability in survey research?
a) Clear and understandable questions
b) Questions free of ambiguity
c) Rigorous record keeping
d) Sound data analysis
Three criteria must be met to claim that a causal relationship has been established. If these criteria are
met a researcher can state with a high probability that one variable caused a change onto another
variable.
This is made operational as the independent variable causing a change onto the dependent
variable, or cause and effect. Which criteria is not a condition for claiming causality?
a) Independent variable is theoretically grounded
b) Independent variable precedes the dependent variable in time
c) There is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables
d) The relationship can not be explained by any extraneous variables
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