In the 1950s, researchers found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes a person smoked on a regular basis and the probability of developing lung cancer. Based on this knowledge, the correct conclusion for the researchers to draw was that _____.
a. smoking is related to cancer
b. smoking probably cause cancer
c. smoking definitely causes cancer
d. cancer probably causes smoking
One generally has to specify the real limits for discrete variables since they cannot be measured accurately.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Michelle finds a significant correlation between fear of success and general anxiety in her senior thesis. Based on this, she should conclude that _____.
a. fear of success causes the level of general anxiety
b. fear of success does not cause the level of general anxiety
c. general anxiety causes fear of success
d. general anxiety and fear of success are related
When a weight is measured to 1/1000th of a gram, that measure is absolutely accurate.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Correlation is a _____ condition for causation.
a. necessary c. both a and b
b. sufficient d. none of these
The average number of children in a classroom is an example of a discrete variable.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
When two variables are perfectly correlated, _____.
a. one must cause the other, but we don't know which is the cause and which is the effect
b. neither one causes the other
c. it is certain that a third factor is causing both variables to co-vary
d. none of these
With the exception of division, one can perform all mathematical operations on a ratio scale.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
When reporting an obtained r value, we should also report _____
a. the degrees of freedom c. both a and b
b. the probability of a Type I error d. none of these are necessary
With an ordinal scale one cannot be certain that the magnitude of the distance between any two adjacent points is the same.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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