Sandra is a witness to a bank robbery. When asked to identify the culprit in a lineup she brings her ...

Sandra is a witness to a bank robbery. When asked to identify the culprit in a lineup she brings her friend Tom with her.
 
  After Sandra identified the culprit, her friend Tom says that the guy she identified really stood out; he
   looked meaner and tougher than the rest of the people in the lineup. It seems that perhaps the Sandra's identification could have been tainted by:
   a) photo bias.
   b) by the misinformation effect.
   c) inadequate functional size of the lineup.
   d) the fact that a show-up procedure was used.

Question 2

A good deal of eyewitness identification research suggests that ________ lineups are preferable, because they encourage participants to engage in a ________ strategy when making their identification.
 
  a) sequential; absolute judgment strategy
   b) sequential; relative judgment strategy
   c) simultaneous; absolute judgment strategy
   d) simultaneous; relative judgment strategy

Question 3

One criticism of sequential lineups that has been raised is that they:
 
  a) reduce correct rejections.
   b) increase incorrect identifications.
   c) increase false identifications.
   d) reduce correct identifications.

Question 4

In constructing a lineup, if non-witnesses consistently identify one person as the criminal, even though they never witnessed the crime, there is a problem with:
 
  a) the use of a relative judgment strategy.
   b) the use of an absolute judgment strategy.
   c) the functional size of the lineup.
   d) identification failure.