The fundamental particles of the universe electrons, neutrinos, quarks, etc., are considered to be pointlike (infinitely small points). According to string theory, if we could examine these particles with even greater precision?a precision many orders of magnitude beyond our present technological capacity?we would find that each is not pointlike but instead consists of a tiny, one-dimensional loop. Like an infinitely thin rubber band, each particle contains a vibrating, oscillating, dancing filament that physicists have named a string.
The strings are still in theory. No one has actually seen it and no experiment has proved it. But physicists are doing lot of progress in this field to prove this.
What is string theory?
Physics explains the nature of the greater space with Gravitational theory and general relativity. It explains the nature of atoms, electrons, neutrons, protons etc., using electromagnetic theory and quantum theory. Now we couldn't use the gravitational rules to explain the nature of atomic and and subatomic particles. Likewise we couldn't explain the greater space using just electromagnetic and quantum theory. But logically we should have one rule which applies to everything in the universe. If not, the universe cannot survive as a whole. So there is a missing link between these forces(gravity, electromagnetic force, nuclear force). String theory tries to explain this.
So string theory is also called "Theory of everything"
You can find lot of information about this in the below link. They have a 3 hour video too on this which is simple to understand.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/