The patient has new-onset restlessness and confusion. His pulse rate is elevated, as is his ...

The patient has new-onset restlessness and confusion. His pulse rate is elevated, as is his respiratory rate. His oxygen saturation, however, is 94 according to the portable pulse oximeter.
 
  The nurse ignores the oximeter reading and calls the physician to obtain an order for an arterial blood gas (ABG). The nurse does this because many things can cause inaccurate pulse oximetry readings, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
  a. O2 saturations (SaO2) >70
  b. Carbon monoxide inhalation
  c. Nail polish
  d. Hypothermia at the assessment site
  e. Intravascular dyes