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biolove biolove
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12 years ago
Chapter 5   Deviance
Introduction to Sociology, 9e (Hewitt/White/Teevan)


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1)
 
Sociologists define deviance as departures from what people in society define as ________. 
Answer: 
 
normal 
Diff: 1
 
Page Ref: 88
 
2)
 
Sociologist Erving Goffman introduced the concept of stigma, which he defined as a characteristic, behaviour, or attribute that is deeply ________. 
Answer: 
 
discrediting 
Diff: 3
 
Page Ref: 96
 
3)
 
According to ________, various segments of society, such as the wealthy, the religious, or even bureaucrats, compete to have their definitions of deviance accepted. 
Answer: 
 
pluralism 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 112
 
4)
 
The ________ sees an economic elite as the major force behind definitions of what is and what is not deviant. 
Answer: 
 
critical school 
Diff: 3
 
Page Ref: 112
 
5)
 
A ________ perspective on deviance will tend to highlight the experiences of women and to focus on ways in which they are labelled deviant for both conforming to and deviating from gender norms. 
Answer: 
 
feminist 
Diff: 1
 
Page Ref: 105
 
6)
 
________ are those who perform no deviant acts but receive audience reaction. 
Answer: 
 
The falsely accused 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 110
 
7)
 
________ are those who perform deviant acts and receive no audience reaction. 
Answer: 
 
Rule-breakers 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 110
 
8)
 
In terms of Merton's schema, ________ have abandoned fancy success goals, and have lowered their goals to the level of their means. 
Answer: 
 
ritualists 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 104 
9)
 
________ theory sees all people as potential deviants, and then argues that social bonds constrain most individuals into conformity. 
Answer: 
 
Social-control 
Diff: 3
 
Page Ref: 111
 
 
10)
 
The ________ perspective argues for a total restructuring of society as a means to eliminate deviance. 
Answer: 
 
radical 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 113
 
11)
 
Sutherland's learning-based explanation of deviance is closely related to the ________ perspective. 
Answer: 
 
symbolic interactionist 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 109
 
12)
 
________ theory contends that society creates deviance through its reactions to the people who break its rules. 
Answer: 
 
Labelling 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 109
 
13)
 
Deviance that occurs prior to a reaction is called ________ deviance. 
Answer: 
 
primary 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 111
 
14)
 
________ involves efforts to shape the physical environment such that the possibilities for deviance are severely reduced. 
Answer: 
 
target hardening 
Diff: 3
 
Page Ref: 100
 
15)
 
________ is an orientation that recognizes that what counts as deviance varies across cultures and through history, and therefore does not judge whether such acts are right or wrong. 
Answer: 
 
Relativism 
Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 87 
16)
 
Deviance: 
A)
 
is a stage that all adolescents go through 
B)
 
is universally defined 
C)
 
is arbitrarily defined 
D)
 
is a culturally relative term 
E)
 
is agreed upon by all people in a given culture 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 87
 
17)
 
Most crimes committed in Canada are: 
A)
 
social control mechanisms 
B)
 
universally defined 
C)
 
norms 
D)
 
violent crimes 
E)
 
property crimes 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 89
 
 
18)
 
According to historical religious beliefs, deviance is a result of ________. 
A)
 
hedonistic calculus 
B)
 
retreatism 
C)
 
testosterone 
D)
 
the bottom boundaries of a social system 
E)
 
humanity's innate wickedness 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 104
 
19)
 
According to a functionalist perspective, minor forms of deviant behaviour can serve as: 
A)
 
social catalysts 
B)
 
organic releases 
C)
 
retreatism 
D)
 
safety valves 
E)
 
bottom boundaries of a social system 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 104 
20)
 
According to some, ________ create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. 
A)
 
ethnocentrics 
B)
 
social groups 
C)
 
moral entrepreneurs 
D)
 
religious groups 
E)
 
conflict perpetrators 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 87
 
21)
 
Conflict theorists argue that definitions of deviance arise out of: 
A)
 
societal cooperation 
B)
 
formal organizational rules 
C)
 
special interests in society 
D)
 
deviants' actions themselves 
E)
 
differential association 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 112
 
22)
 
A feminist perspective on deviance argues that: 
A)
 
functionalism provides an adequate explanation of deviance 
B)
 
rules are made by the powerful to control the less powerful 
C)
 
participant observation is inadequate as a research method 
D)
 
rates of deviance are equal for men and women 
E)
 
rates of deviance are directly related to the gendered division of labour 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 106
 
 
23)
 
The radical or ________ school sees an economic elite as the major force behind definitions of what is and what is not deviant. 
A)
 
rational 
B)
 
variant 
C)
 
functionalist 
D)
 
critical 
E)
 
clinical 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 112 
24)
 
The perspective which argues that various segments of society compete to have their definitions of deviance accepted, is known as: 
A)
 
pluralism 
B)
 
radicalism 
C)
 
the democratic model 
D)
 
labelling 
E)
 
moral entrepreneurs 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 112
 
25)
 
Becker called people and groups who seek to influence the passing of rules and the setting of standards ________. 
A)
 
moral entrepreneurs 
B)
 
activists 
C)
 
pluralists 
D)
 
radicals 
E)
 
Marxists 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 112
 
26)
 
"Rule breakers" are people who commit deviant acts: 
A)
 
but no one responds to them 
B)
 
that are always punished 
C)
 
but are never able to shake the deviant label 
D)
 
arising from mental illness 
E)
 
but are falsely accused 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 1
 
Page Ref: 110
 
27)
 
The ________ illustrates the loss that takes place from the actual number of crimes committed to the final number of convictions. 
A)
 
crime graph 
B)
 
deviant funnel 
C)
 
statogragh 
D)
 
crime funnel 
E)
 
theory of crime 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 90 
28)
 
Conflict theorists have argued that there may be as many as or even more ________ than ________. 
A)
 
deviants, mentally ill 
B)
 
rule breakers, deviants 
C)
 
falsely accused, deviants 
D)
 
drug abusers, child molesters 
E)
 
innocents, rule breakers 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 3
 
Page Ref: 110
 
29)
 
The feminist approach to deviance suggests that the label of "________" is more often applied to women than men. 
A)
 
moral entrepreneur 
B)
 
opportunistic 
C)
 
domestic 
D)
 
mentally ill 
E)
 
innocents 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 106
 
30)
 
The idea that crime is due to the unavailability of social means to achieve social goals is a tenet of ________ theory. 
A)
 
labelling 
B)
 
ecological 
C)
 
anomie 
D)
 
sub-cultural 
E)
 
contracultural 
Answer: 
 

Diff: 2
 
Page Ref: 104
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