Chapman's experiment tested female Drosophila melanogaster longevity after mating with one of the following males:
Treatment 1: Males produced no sperm or accessory gland proteins. These males behaved normally and mated with females.
Treatment 2: Males produced no sperm or accessory gland proteins. These males behaved normally, except that they had their genitalia experimentally altered so that they could not mate with females.
Treatment 3: Males produced seminal fluid and accessory gland proteins, but not sperm. These males behaved normally and mated with females.
Treatment 4: Males produced seminal fluid and accessory gland proteins, but not sperm. These males behaved normally, except that they had their genitalia ex-perimentally altered so that they could not mate with females.
It turned out that only seminal fluid with accessory gland proteins (treatment 3) had an effect. What other potential factors did the four treatments control for?
a. the effect of the physical act of mating
b. the effect of sperm
c. factors associated with seminal fluid that are not transmitted via mating
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
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