After completing five student interviews, Professor Stewart has found that it is hard to assess ...

After completing five student interviews, Professor Stewart has found that it is hard to assess motivation other than by simply asking students about their motivation. He has decided to use markers for motivation, such as involvement in school clubs and activities, attendance at extra-curricular events and time devoted to studies. In his reading, he had labeled those students who are involved in student organizations, attend activities and devote twenty hours a week to studying as super students and the complete absence of these or low scores as on these measures as minimally involved students. This is an example of
 
  a. arbitrary coding.
  b. analytical coding.
  c. anticipatory coding.
  d. a data display.
  e. conceptualization