Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?
 
  a. Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease.
  b. As a child, Maxwell had a frightening experience with his neighbors large dog. He now fears all large dogs.
  c. Hoping to understand more about her parents culture, Parvati carefully watches as her grandmother prepares a traditional South Indian meal.
  d. Gabriel tells his 4-year-old daughter each night: No dessert until you eat your dinner without complaining. To get the dessert, his daughter obeys.