Scores of studies of displacement find either no evidence of displacement or small amounts of it that do not equal the crime prevented.
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How should the hostage negotiator address the hostage-taker?
a. Impersonally, without ever using their name
b. Using his/her name if known in order to show respect
c. As a criminal, constantly reminding him/her of their crimes
d. They should avoid contact in favor of communicating with the hostages
Epidemics rely on contagion, or the spreading of disease or crime by one host to another.
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Most of the increases in homicides in the 1980s were due to murders committed in the nation's largest cities with handguns, which were preceded by the invasion of crack cocaine into the inner cities.
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One of the most studied crime epidemics is the homicide epidemic of the late 1980s in the United States, committed disproportionately by young, white males with guns, as part of gang activity and the illicit drug trade.
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