A bacterium that has been moved from one genus (Pseudomonas) to another genus (Burkholde-ria) would ...

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The name of an organism may change as scientists learn more about the organism. An older name is often included in parentheses next to the current name to alleviate confusion about the identity of the organism.

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The genus should be capitalized, and the species should be in lowercase. The entire name is either italicized or underlined.

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Salvage logging is the removal of dead trees, or snags, following a natural disturbance. From an economic standpoint, salvage logging may seem to make good sense. However, ecologically, snags have immense value; the insects that feed on them provide food for wildlife, and many birds, mammals, and reptiles depend on holes in snags for nesting and roosting sites. Opponents of salvage logging point out that conducting timber removal operations on recently burned land can cause severe erosion and soil damage. Salvage logging is part of the Healthy Forest Restoration Act enacted by the Bush administration in the wake of the 2003 California fires, although recent studies reported in 2007 indicate that salvage logging is not having the effects hoped for and may actually be increasing the severity of wildfires.

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Timber harvesting propelled the growth of the United States throughout its phenomenal expansion across the continent in the 19th century and into the 20th. Chicago was built with timber felled in the vast pine and hardwood forests of Wisconsin and Michigan. Those forests were virtually stripped of their trees in the 19th century. This followed the clear-cutting of the forests further east, which had been largely replaced by small farms. Logging operations then moved south to the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas to harvest more wood for the growing nation. The pine woodlands of the South were logged and many of them converted to pine plantations. When the largest, most valuable trees had been removed from these areas, timber companies moved west, cutting the continent's biggest trees in the Rockies, the Sierras, the Cascades, and the coast ranges. By the mid-20th century almost no virgin timber was left in the lower 48 states. Many U.S. trends are being paralleled internationally, but some developing nations, such as Brazil, are in the position the United States faced a century or two ago, having a vast frontier to conquer. However, in these countries, deforestation can proceed more quickly because of newer technology. Furthermore, much of the cutting is being done not by the people of those countries but by multinational corporations that export the products elsewhere.

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For over a century, the Forest Service and other land management agencies have suppressed fire whenever and wherever it has broken out. Yet ecological research now clearly shows that many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain themselves. Certain plants have seeds that germinate only in response to fire, and researchers studying tree rings have documented that many ecosystems historically experienced fire with some frequency. Ecosystems dependent on fire are adversely affected by its suppression; open pine woodlands become cluttered with hardwood understory that ordinarily would be cleared away by fire, for instance, and animal diversity and abundance declines in such cluttered habitats. In addition, fire suppression increases the likelihood of catastrophic fires that truly do damage forests and that also destroy human property and threaten human lives. This is because fire suppression allows the buildup of years' worth of limbs, logs, sticks, and leaf litter on the forest floorexcellent kindling for a catastrophic fire. Such fuel buildup helped cause the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park and thousands of other fires across the continent, and it is why catastrophic fires have become more of a problem than in the past. To reduce this fuel load and improve the health and safety of forests, the Forest Service and other agencies have in recent years been burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions. These prescribed burning programs have worked where they have been applied, but they require so much time and effort that a relatively small amount of land has been treated. Sometimes controlled burns can get out of control, as happened in 2000 in New Mexico. Efforts at controlled burns also have been complicated by public misunderstanding and by interference from politicians who have not taken time to understand the science behind the approach.

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