Which of the following is NOT a frequent kind of error in eyewitness identification?
A. Implying that the criminal is definitely one of the stimulus persons
B. Creating no real demand to make a choice
C. Encouraging a looser recognition threshold in the eyewitness
D. Leaking the detective's hunch
Which of the following possible influences on witness error are psychologists almost unanimous (97) in viewing as reliable enough to testify about?
A. Wording of interview questions
B. Stress
C. Unconscious transference
D. Time effects
A showup can be thought of as a special kind of lineup in which
A. the suspect is brought to the witness's residence.
B. the lineup is formed at the crime scene.
C. only the head of the suspect, not his or her body, is shown to the witness.
D. only the suspect is in the lineup.
In U.S. v. Ash (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that
A. photo arrays are unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment.
B. photo arrays must be conducted only when the suspect is unavailable for a lineup.
C. a witness cannot view a photo array after having already seen the suspect in a lineup.
D. the right of the presence of counsel does not extend to photo arrays.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a photo array over a traditional police lineup?
A. Portability
B. The higher degree of realism
C. The control over the behavior of lineup members
D. Lessened anxiety by witnesses
Exposure to a suspect's photograph has been found to
A. produce fewer identifications of that person as perpetrator of the crime.
B. produce more identifications of that person as perpetrator of the crime.
C. not affect identifications of that person.
D. produce more identifications in simultaneous, but not sequential arrays.
Which of the following is an important part of a cognitive interview?
A. Hypnosis
B. Not forming premature conclusions
C. Context recreation
D. Tailoring questions to the individual witness
Which of the following would NOT be suggested by Ronald Fisher (1995) as a way to improve the accuracy of information elicited from witnesses?
A. Re-create the original context
B. Make the interview witness-centered, rather than interviewer-centered
C. Be sensitive to temptations to form premature conclusions
D. Use a standardized checklist of questions for witnesses
An interview procedure that is not recommended to assist in the memory of witnesses because it can create demand characteristics is to
A. interrupt the witness.
B. repeat a question not answered the first time.
C. slow down the rate of questioning.
D. use a cognitive interview.
In 1979, Cathleen Crowell accused Gary Dotson of rape, and he was later convicted. Which of the following is true of this case?
A. Crowell mistakenly identified Dotson as her attacker, based on a flawed police lineup.
B. Dotson was released from prison in 1987 and immediately pardoned when Crowell admitted to lying about the crime.
C. Dotson was wrongfully convicted but not completely exonerated until 1989, when DNA proved his innocence.
D. Despite Crowell's later statement that she lied about the crime, Dotson has not been released because prosecutors believe she is telling the truth.
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