What are the various ways in which toxins can interfere with normal neuron function? What will be ...

1) Black widow venom causes excess release of acetylcholine, causes excess depolarization, paralysis occurs. Botulinum toxin blocks release of acetylcholine, nerves cannot release enough acetylcholine, paralysis occurs. Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors, action potential cannot be generated in the muscle, paralysis occurs. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by erroneously acting antibodies, muscles cannot respond to acetylcholine, paralysis occurs. Organophosphates irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, constant depolarization, muscle cells cannot repolarize, so paralysis occurs.

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2) F

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3) Action potential occurs in the motor neuron; calcium enters motor neuron; axon terminal triggers release of acetylcholine; acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate; Na+ channels open/Na+ enters the cell, and K+ channels open/K+ leaves the cell, creating a depolarizing end plate potential; local depolarizing current flow continues, and opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in adjacent membrane; cell reaches threshold and initiates an action potential. Acetylcholine is subsequently destroyed by acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme located on the motor end plate.

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4) F

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5) Visceral afferent information is used to direct activity of the autonomic system. This sensory information from an organ or gland is carried into the CNS and is used to modify ANS output to that organ to adjust the function of the organ to maintain homeostasis. Normally some level of action potential activity exists in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic fibers supplying a particular organ. So ANS adjustments involve increasing or decreasing this base line activity.

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6) T

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7) Sympathetic systemoriginates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord, has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers, and releases norepinephrine onto its target organs; involved in fight or flight reactions.
Parasympathetic systemoriginates in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord, has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers, and releases acetylcholine onto its target organs; involved in rest and digest reactions.

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8) T

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9) digest

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10) F

I can see it now, thanks for clarifying

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