This receptor responds to acetylcholine from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers:
a. muscarinic
b. alpha
c. beta
d. nicotinic
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Question 2) Na+ reabsorption
a. uses 80 of the energy requirement of the kidney.
b. is under control of the hormone aldosterone in the distal portions of the nephron.
c. is linked to the reabsorption of water, Cl-, glucose, amino acids, and urea.
d. both (a) and (b) above.
e. all of these answers.
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Question 3) Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.
a. does not affect, decreases.
b. decreases, decreases.
c. decreases, increases.
d. increases, decreases.
e. increases, increases.
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Question 4) Aldosterone secretion
a. is controlled by the concentration of K+
b. is stimulated by angiotensin II.
c. is controlled by the concentration of Cl-.
d. both (a) and (b)
e. both (b) and (c)
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Question 5) The sympathetic nervous system
a. is always excitatory.
b. innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from the outside environment.
c. dominates in fight-or-fight situations.
d. is part of the somatic nervous system.
e. is part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.
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Question 6) Aldosterone
a. stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules.
b. is secreted by the JG apparatus.
c. stimulates K+ secretion in the distal tubule.
d. both (a) and (b) above.
e. both (a) and (c) above.
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Question 7) Which of the following statements concerning the terminal ganglia is correct?
a. long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end on the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.
b. terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
c. terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.
d. the terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.
e. terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.
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Question 8) The juxtaglomerular apparatus
a. is a combination of specialized tubular and vascular cells at a point where the beginning of the distal tubule comes into intimate contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles of the same nephron.
b. secretes aldosterone.
c. secretes renin.
d. both (a) and (b) above.
e. both (a) and (c) above.
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Question 9) Parasympathetic system dilates blood vessels going to this structure.
a. sweat glands
b. brain
c. eye.
d. liver.
e. erectile tissues.
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Question 10) Which statement regarding sodium reabsorption is not accurate?
a. it plays a role in glucose, amino acid, and urea reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
b. it is under hormonal control in the distal tubule.
c. in the loop of Henle, it contributes to the formation of concentrated urine.
d. approximately 0.5 of sodium is reabsorbed on a daily basis.
e. aldosterone is a key hormone involved in facultative reabsorption.
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