A more direct means of expressing solvent concentration is the osmolarity of a solution, which is a ...

1) FALSE

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2) Electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that are stripped out of reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are transported to the ETS via electron carriers (NADH and FADH2). The electrons are passed along carriers within the ETS and the energy they release is used by hydrogen ion pumps to move hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. Hydrogen ions then diffuse back into the matrix through special enzymes called ATP synthases. The movement of H+ through the enzymes energizes the enzymes, allowing them to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the ETS, thus allowing the ETS to continue accepting electrons from NADH and FADH2.

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3) FALSE

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4) Glycolysis produces ATP in the cytosol and does not require oxygen. Therefore, when oxygen concentrations in the cell decrease below optimum, the cell can still synthesize ATP using energy extracted from glucose. Another advantage is that glycolysis provides substrates in the form of pyruvate and high-energy electrons that can be used within the mitochondria to generate more ATP. The pyruvate is modified into acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle; and high-energy electrons (within hydrogen atoms) that are taken out of glycolysis reactions can be used to power the electron transport system, which is important for oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondrion.

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5) FALSE

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6) The rough ER synthesizes proteins, which then make their way into the smooth ER. The smooth ER packages the proteins within transport vesicles that pass to the Golgi complex. The contents of the vesicle enter the Golgi complex where they may be modified. Eventually, the secretory products are packaged into secretory vesicles, which bud off the Golgi complex and make their way to the plasma membrane along components of the cytoskeleton. On appropriate stimulation, the secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and empty their contents into the ECF via exocytosis.

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7) TRUE

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8) chemiosmosis

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9) TRUE

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10) Microfilaments

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