What are the two main types of sedimentary deposits formed near or beneath modern glaciers? How ...

(Answer to question 1 )  Till is the sediment deposited directly by glaciers, whereas outwash is the sediment carried away from the glaciers by meltwater streams. Till consists of a very poorly sorted, unbedded mixture of rock debris in which most of the larger cobbles and boulder are angular, scratched, and may exhibit planar, faceted surfaces. Outwash is better sorted than till, and contains bedding and cross bedding typical of river-deposited sediment. Cobbles and boulders in outwash are rounded.

(Answer to question 2 )  A conveyor belt is the better analogy because end moraines form when internal glacial flow brings rock debris to the toe and upper surface of the glacier where it is then released when the ice melts. If the glacier is stationary for a long time, then the ice flow continually delivers sediment to the same locations to build up the moraine ridge.

(Answer to question 3 )  When glaciers flow into water, they continue to move along the seafloor or lakebed until the water is sufficiently deep that the ice floats. The buoyant lift of the ice into the water, along with agitation from waves and tides, causes blocks of the glacier to break off to form floating icebergs.

(Answer to question 4 )  Landscapes eroded by valley glaciers are distinctive for the presence of broad-floored, steep-sided, U-shaped valleys that are flanked by sharp-edged ridges and peaks. The long profile of the valley floor is commonly irregular with waterfalls and lakes, tributary valleys commonly join the larger rivers as high waterfalls plunging from hanging valleys. Glacial valleys commonly feature amphitheater-shaped headwater areas, called cirques.

(Answer to question 5 )  Moraines are ridges of poorly sorted material deposited by a glacier. End moraines form at the leading snout of the glacier, with many parallel moraines marking different positions of the glacier over time. Lateral moraines are moving ridges of stony debris that accumulate on the margin of a valley glacier. Where two valley glaciers join to form a wider glacier, their lateral moraines combine within the larger glacier to form a medial moraine. Ground moraine is the material deposited as a sheet beneath the glacier.

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