Which of the following is the likely cause of nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema?

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: A
Nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, also called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, results from injury to the vascular endothelium and/or alveolar epithelium. This injury creates a loss of integ-rity in the barrier between the vascular and alveolar spaces.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: A
The results of this study strongly favor the routine use of a conservative fluid management strat-egy in patients with ARDS.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: B
Hydrostatic pulmonary edema is often also called cardiogenic pulmonary edema, due to its close association with abnormalities in intravascular hydrostatic pressures that cause edema.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: C
As with increasing PEEP, improvements in arterial oxygenation attendant to reducing PCWP must be weighed against reduced cardiac output, as reflected by the measured DO2 or other measures of systemic tissue oxygenation.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: A
The lung protects itself from excessive fluid accumulation by several mechanisms. The lung lymphatic drainage system is the primary system for removing filtered fluid and protein from the lungs.