Mandatory breaths during pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation (pressure-controlled con-tinuous ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: A
All pressure-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation breaths are time cycled.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: C
Intermittent mandatory ventilation is designed to deliver volume-targeted or pressure-targeted breaths at a set minimum frequency (i.e., it is time triggered). Between mandatory breaths, the patient can breathe spontaneously from the ventilator circuit without getting the set volume or pressure from the ventilator itself.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: B
The optimal control type has one ventilator set-pointin this case, pressure limitthat automat-ically adjusts to optimize another set-point, which in this case is the patient's ventilatory mechan-ics, according to some model of system behavior, and the output can be maximized or minimized dynamically. With the servo-controlled type, the ventilator output automatically follows a vary-ing input from the patient. The adaptive control type automatically adjusts one set-point to achieve another set-point as the patient's condition changes, such as pressure-limit changing to achieve a preset tidal volume. The auto-set-point control type enables the selection of which op-erator-adjusted set-point to enforce at the moment.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: C
The knowledge-based control type has the set-points automatically adjusted according to a rule-based expert system, such as breathing frequency, tidal volume, and end-tidal carbon diox-ide levels. An example of this kind of control type is SmartCare on the Drger EvitaXL. The adaptive control type changes set-point types based on the patient's changing condition. For example, mandatory breaths are pressure limited, and this pressure-limit setting is automatically adjusted between breaths to achieve the preset tidal volume. In the set-point control type, the output of the ventilator automatically matches a constant operator-preset input value. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist is not a control type. It is a mode that adjusts set-points automatically, based on the electrical activity of the diaphragm and the level of response to the electrical activi-ty as set by the operator.

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