After Ben Franklin proved that materials of different colors absorb heat differently, he went on to reason the people who live in tropical climates should wear white clothing. What inductive method of reasoning was he using?
a. He was reasoning entirely from sensory observation.
b. He was using none of the above.
c. He was reasoning from enumeration.
d. He was using analogical reasoning.
Ques. 2Major scientific discoveries have resulted from accidents that just happened to be given close attention by someone who was both a curious skilled observer and an inductive thinker. This quote from the text is illustrated in the text by
a. The story of the invention of buttermilk.
b. The story of the discovery of penicillin.
c. The story of the invention of safety glass.
d. The story of the invention of photocopying.
Ques. 3Induction uses the sciences of statistics and probability to gather, organize, interpret data, and make predictions with these data. Which of the following rules assure the reliability of conclusions drawn from statistical samplings?
a. If statistical evidence is offered, it should be offered in sufficient detail to
permit verification.
b. The greater the size of the sample, the greater is the probability that that
sample is representative of the whole population.
c. The more representative the sample is of a population, the more likely it is
that accurate conclusions can be drawn about the full population from the
sample.
d. All of the above.
Ques. 4Hypothesis is a name given to a trial idea, tentative explanation, or working assumption that can be used to further investigation. Which of the following were hypotheses later proven to be true?
a. A vaccine might protect people from death from smallpox.
b. Gravity explains why apples fall from trees.
c. Lightning is simply a big electric spark.
d. All of these choices
Ques. 5Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to draw a conclusion about all members of that class. It is employed in the empirical or scientific method that includes all but one of the following methods given below. Which method is that?
a. Analogical and causal reasoning
b. Investigation and testing
c. Following custom, authorities, and tradition.
d. Personal observation
Ques. 6This fallacy, instead of proving a claim, diverts attention into other issues.
a. Appeal to false authority
b. Poisoning the well
c. Appeal to bandwagon
d. Red herring
Ques. 7This fallacy distracts attention from an admitted wrongdoing by claiming that similar actions went unnoticed and unpunished.
a. Circular reasoning
b. Pointing to another wrong
c. Appeal to fear
d. Appeal to pity
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