To what extent do you feel arguments, even wars, result because people construe events with ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: Students' answers will vary.
According to the sociality corollary of Kelly's personal construct theory, it is not enough for one person to construe or interpret experiences in the same way as another person. The first person must also construe the other person's constructs. In other words, we must understand how another person thinks if we are to anticipate how that person will predict events. Each role is a behavior pattern that evolves from understanding how the other person construes events. In a sense, then, we fit ourselves into the other person's constructs.
In conflicts between nations and countries which escalate into wars, either parties fail to fit themselves in the constructs of the other party, which leads to the lack of congeniality between the two. This can be attributed to the lack of permeability of the constructs of any or both of the conflicting parties. An impermeable or rigid construct is not capable of being changed, no matter what our experiences tell us.
However, Kelly stated that we are not prisoners of our past mistakes concerning aggression and are not bound by historical determinism. Therefore, we can learn new constructs to replace old constructs that are better suited for in our lives.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: The dichotomy corollary states that our constructs must always be framed in terms of a pair of mutually exclusive alternatives. All constructs are bipolar or dichotomous. This is necessary if we are to anticipate future events correctly. Just as we note similarities among people or events, we must also account for dissimilarities. For example, it is not enough to have a construct about a friend that describes the personal characteristic of honesty. We must also consider the opposite, dishonesty, to explain how the honest person differs from someone who is not honest. If we did not make this distinctionif we assumed that all people are honestthen forming a construct about honesty would not help us anticipate or predict anything about people we might meet in the future. A person can be expected to be honest only in contrast to someone who is expected to be dishonest. The appropriate personal construct in this example, then, is honest versus dishonest.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: Kelly's personal construct theory is presented in a scientific format, organized into a fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries.
The fundamental postulate states that our psychological processes are directed by the ways in which we anticipate events.
The corollaries of the personal construct theory and their arguments are as follows:
1. The construction corollary: Because repeated events are similar, we can predict or anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future.
2. The individuality corollary: People perceive events in different ways.
3. The organization corollary: We arrange our constructs in patterns, according to our view of their similarities and differences.
4. The dichotomy corollary: Constructs are bipolar; for example, if we have an opinion about honesty, that idea must also include the concept of dishonesty.
5. The choice corollary: We choose the alternative for each construct that works best for us, the one that allows us to predict the outcome of anticipated events.
6. The range corollary: Our constructs may apply to many situations or people, or they may be limited to a single person or situation.
7. The experience corollary: We continually test our constructs against life's experiences to make sure they remain useful.
8. The modulation corollary: We may modify our constructs as a function of new experiences.
9. The fragmentation corollary: We may sometimes have contradictory or inconsistent subordinate constructs within our overall construct system.
10. The commonality corollary: Although our individual constructs are unique to us, people in compatible groups or cultures may hold similar constructs.
11. The sociality corollary: We try to understand how other people think and predict what they will do, and we modify our behavior accordingly.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: Through the personal construct theory, Kelly suggested that people perceive and organize their world of experiences the same way scientists do, by formulating hypotheses about the environment and testing them against the reality of daily life. In other words, we observe the events of our lifethe facts or data of our experienceand interpret them in our own way. This personal interpreting, explaining, or construing of experience is our unique view of events. It is the pattern within which we place them. Kelly said that we look at the world through transparent patterns that fit over the realities of which the world is composed.
Constructs are intellectual hypotheses we devise and use to interpret or explain life events. Revising our constructs is a necessary and continuous process; we must always have an alternative construct to apply to a situation. If our constructs were inflexible and incapable of being revised (which is what would happen if personality was totally determined by childhood influences), then we would not be able to cope with new situations. Kelly called this adaptability constructive alternativism to express the view that we are not controlled by our constructs but we are free to revise or replace them with other alternatives.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: T
FEEDBACK: According to Kelly, it is the operation of our rational mental processes and not the specific events that influence the formation of personality. We live by constructs based on our interpretation of events.

(Answer to Q. 6)  ANS: T
FEEDBACK: Kelly suggested that if several people construe an experience similarly, we can conclude that their cognitive processes are similar. Their anticipations and expectations of one another will have much in common and they will construe many of their experiences in the same way.

(Answer to Q. 7)  ANS: F
FEEDBACK: An impermeable or rigid construct is not capable of being changed, no matter what our experiences tell us. How much our construct system can be modulated, or adjusted, as a function of new experience and learning depends on the permeability of the individual constructs.

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