Cattell used the statistical procedure called factor analysis, which involves assessing the ...

(Answer to Q. 1)  ANS: T
FEEDBACK: The hallmark of Cattell's approach was his treatment of the data. He submitted them to the statistical procedure called factor analysis, which involves assessing the relationship between each possible pair of measurements taken from a group of subjects to determine common factors.

(Answer to Q. 2)  ANS: D
FEEDBACK: According to Brody, Buss, and Stelmack, the theories of Cattell, Eysenck, McCrae and Costa, Ashton and Lee, and Paulhus and Williams, together with their supporting research, indicate that inheritance may account for as much as 50 percent of personality. However, we must not conclude prematurely that family and other environmental factors can be completely discounted as shapers of personality.

(Answer to Q. 3)  ANS: D
FEEDBACK: Paulhus and Williams, of the University of British Columbia, Canada, introduced a three-factor approach to understanding the darker side of personality. The trait of narcissism is characterized by extreme selfishness, an inflated sense of one's abilities and talents, and the constant need for admiration and attention.

(Answer to Q. 4)  ANS: A
FEEDBACK: Paulhus and Williams, of the University of British Columbia, Canada, introduced a three-factor approach to understanding the darker side of personality. The trait of machiavellianism is defined as the need to manipulate others, characterized by cunning, deceit, and unscrupulous behaviors.

(Answer to Q. 5)  ANS: A
FEEDBACK: Michael Ashton, of the Psychology Department at Brock University in Canada, and Kibeom Lee, of the Psychology Department at the University of Calgary, Canada, have proposed a six-factor model of personality. The six factors or dimensions of the HEXACO (an acronym derived from the factors) model are honesty, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.

(Answer to Q. 6)  ANS: C
FEEDBACK: Although the same Big Five personality factors are common to virtually all urban cultures, major differences have been recognized in their relative importance and social desirability from one culture to another. The Japanese consider conscientiousness to be more important than all other factors.

6

(Answer to Q. 7)  ANS: D
FEEDBACK: Working at the Gerontology Research Center of the National Institutes of Health in Baltimore, Maryland, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa embarked on an extensive research program that identified five robust or Big Five factors. These factors are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The characteristics of openness are original, independent, creative, and daring.

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