Amino acids are wasted (not used to build protein or nitrogen-containing compounds) in the body whenever there is:
a. inadequate dietary sodium or potassium.
b. too much energy from dietary carbohydrate and fat.
c. too great a variety of amino acids supplied by the diet.
d. too much dietary protein.
e. adequate high-quality protein in the diet.
Q. 2If amino acids are oversupplied:
a. muscle tissue formation is accelerated.
b. the body converts amino acid residues to extra blood proteins.
c. they are filtered from the blood and excreted by the kidneys.
d. the body removes and excretes their amine groups.
e. the body stores them until they are needed.
Q. 3When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into:
a. urea.
b. glucose.
c. glycogen.
d. bile.
e. urine.
Q. 4Proteins attract water and hold it within blood vessels, preventing it from freely flowing into the spaces between the cells. This is an example of how protein is used for:
a. building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds.
b. supporting growth and maintenance.
c. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
d. maintaining pH balance.
e. building antibodies.
Q. 5The process of protein turnover includes:
a. excreting old amino acids that are left from cell breakdown.
b. synthesizing intestinal cells, which live for 3 to 4 months.
c. eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace worn-out ones.
d. preserving all old amino acids in the body to be re-circulated.
e. circulating proteins in the bloodstream to replenish peptide chains.
Q. 6The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by:
a. peptides.
b. saliva.
c. enzymes.
d. a coat of mucus.
e. antibodies.
Q. 7For athletes, the path to bigger muscles includes
a. less protein and more carbohydrate than is recommended for non-athletes.
b. extra protein without physical work.
c. vigorous physical training.
d. well-timed meals, which directly stimulate protein synthesis.
e. small doses of protein supplements after workouts.
Q. 8All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:
a. bases.
b. heat.
c. alcohol.
d. light.
e. salts of heavy metals.
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