What proportion of children in the developing world are severely underweight by age 5?

Answer to #1

ANS: C

Answer to #2

Caffeine crosses the placenta, and the developing fetus has a limited ability to metabolize it. Research studies have not proved that caffeine (even in high doses) causes birth defects or preterm births in human infants (as it does in animals), but limited evidence suggests that heavy use increases the risk of hypertension, miscarriage, and stillbirth. (In these studies, heavy caffeine use is defined as the equivalent of 3 or more cups of coffee a day.) Depending on the quantities consumed and the mother's metabolism, caffeine may also interfere with fetal growth. Lower doses of caffeinesay, at levels equivalent to 3 cups of coffee or lessappear to be compatible with healthy pregnancies. All things considered, it may be most sensible to limit caffeine consumption to the equivalent of a cup or two of coffee a day.

Answer to #3

ANS: D

Answer to #4

ANS: B

Answer to #5

Describe the two most common neural tube defects and what is known about their development.

Answer to #6

Proving that environmental contaminants cause reproductive damage is difficult, but evidence in wildlife is established and seems likely for human beings. Infants and young children of pregnant women exposed to environmental contaminants such as lead show signs of delayed mental and psychomotor development. During pregnancy, lead readily crosses into the placenta, inflicting severe damage on the developing fetal nervous system. In addition, infants exposed to even low levels of lead during gestation weigh less at birth and consequently struggle to survive. For these reasons, it is particularly important that pregnant women receive foods and beverages grown and prepared in environments free of contamination.

Mercury is another contaminant of concern. Fatty fish are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, but some fish contain large amounts of the pollutant mercury, which can impair fetal growth and harm the developing brain and nervous system. Because the benefits of seafood consumption seem to outweigh the risks, pregnant (and lactating) women need reliable information on which fish are safe to eat.

Answer to #7

Benefits for Infants
Provides the appropriate composition and balance of nutrients with high bioavailability
Provides hormones that promote physiological development
Improves cognitive development
Protects against a variety of infections and illnesses, including diarrhea, ear infections, and pneumonia
May protect against some chronic diseasessuch as diabetes (both types), obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, some cancers, and hypertensionlater in life
Protects against food allergies
Reduces the risk of SIDS
Supports healthy weight

Benefits for Mothers
Contracts the uterus
Delays the return of regular ovulation, thus lengthening birth intervals (this is not, however, a dependable method of contraception)
Conserves iron stores (by prolonging amenorrhea)
May protect against breast and ovarian cancer and reduce the risk of diabetes (type 2)
Increases energy expenditure, which may contribute to weight loss

Other
Cost and time savings from not needing medical treatment for childhood illnesses or leaving work to care for sick infants
Cost and time savings from not needing to purchase and prepare formula (even after adjusting for added foods in the diet of a lactating mother)
Environmental savings to society from not needing to manufacture, package, and ship formula and dispose of the packaging
Convenience of not having to shop for and prepare formula

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