Cigarette smokers are more likely to have an increased risk of poor bone health for all of the following reasons except:
a. tobacco smoke decreases intestinal calcium absorption.
b. nicotine is toxic to osteoblasts.
c. cadmium is toxic to osteoblasts.
d. both nicotine and cadmium inhibit osteoclasts.
Q. 2Which of the following individuals is most likely to have a low BMD?
a. Maria, who lives in the city and frequently engages in weight resistance exercises
b. John, who lives in a rural community and is a farmer
c. Kim, who is a runner and eats a balanced diet
d. Juan, who lives a sedentary lifestyle and is lactose intolerant
Q. 3Vitamin D increases blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorus by doing all of the following except:
a. promoting absorption via the GI tract.
b. promoting reabsorption via the kidneys.
c. stimulating osteoclast formation.
d. stimulating osteoblast formation.
Q. 4You have recently diagnosed a lactose intolerant elderly patient with osteoporosis. What should you recommend as part of this patient's treatment?
a. vitamin D and calcium supplementation
b. increasing his/her consumption of spinach
c. increasing his/her consumption of milk and yogurt
d. phosphorus and calcium supplementation
Q. 5Calcium carbonate supplementation can interfere with the absorption of:
a. magnesium.
b. phosphorus.
c. iron.
d. folate.
Q. 6Inadequate intake of _____ during growth years will result in sub-optimal development of peak bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
a. calcium
b. vitamin D
c. phosphorus
d. magnesium
Q. 7The lower the BMD, the greater the risk that the person will:
a. develop osteoarthritis.
b. develop cysts.
c. contract a communicable disease.
d. fracture a bone.
Q. 8You have a patient with a T-score of -2.7; therefore, you can diagnose him/her with:
a. anemia.
b. hypocalcemia.
c. osteoporosis.
d. hypercalcemia.
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