Alex is 22 months of age. He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table, but he sometimes still does so.
His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing. What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control?
a. With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.
b. Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food.
c. Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand the nature of the food.
d. Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective.
Q. 2Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control?
a. Self-esteem.
b. Authoritarian discipline.
c. Emotion regulation.
d. Power assertion.
Q. 3Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center.
He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt. Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores, preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than wait patiently by her side. Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety. Based upon the research cited in this chapter, what advice could you give her?
a. She should spank him because this is the only type of discipline he understands at his age.
b. She should use gentle discipline so that he is not frightened by her.
c. She should remember that Juan will be more likely to comply if she explains the rules and reasons for her worries.
d. She should remember that Juan will be less likely to comply if she is too warm.
Q. 4The client's strengths and competencies are part of what make up the ___________________ factors that account for 40 percent of the variance of positive outcomes for clients.
a) Hope, expectancy, and placebo
b) Therapeutic theory
c) Extra-therapeutic
d) Relationship
Q. 5Disaggregated results
a. tell very little about the diversity of the learner performance or needs.
b. show how various subpopulations performed.
c. are norm- and criterion-referenced score interpretations.
d. None of the above.
Q. 6The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes, whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes.
a. self-esteem / self-efficacy
b. self-concept / self-system
c. self-efficacy / self-esteem
d. self-concept / self-esteem
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